The Management Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3293 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? 1. 0Introduction Working presently as Senior Assistant Medical Officer at the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, I had been in this profession since 1982. Global warnings over diabetes increase. Research carried out by the International Diabetes Federation (2009) reveals that around 314 million people, equating to 8. 2% of the global adult population, may have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) which is a condition that often precedes the development of diabetes. The incidence of diabetes in Malaysia is similar to other countries in the world (Malaysian Diabetes Association, 2009). Diabetes Mellitus is one of the commonest chronic illnesses seen at primary care facilities. A past study by the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (1996) showed that the prevalence of Diabetes is increasing from 6. 3% to 8. 3% for adults aged above 30 in 1996. However, there are nearly 1. million people in Malaysia who currently have diabetes as studies showed that the prevalence of obesity among Malaysian adults increased by a staggering 250% over a 10 year period from 1996 till 2006 while the number of overweight cases has increased by 70% as 43% of Malaysians aged above 30 suffer from diabetes (Malaysian Diabetes Association, 2010). The National Health and Morbidity Survey (2006) in a later study showed that two out of every five Malaysian adults or 43%, were either overweight or obese and a distressing situation where the number of obese adults had more than tripled over a decade, from 4% in 1996 to 14% in 2006. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Management Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes" essay for you Create order In addition, about 38% of youngsters aged between 12 and 18 were classified as overweight. The major causes of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic patient are heart disease and stroke (Tzagournis Falko, 1982). 2. 0Definitions Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic and progressive disorder that can have an impact upon almost every aspect of life. It can affect children, young people and adults of all ages, and is becoming more common. Diabetes is a disease which causes the body to either not produce insulin or to not properly make use of the insulin that it does make (American Diabetes Association, 2002). When carbohydrates are consumed, the body must convert glucose into energy that can be used to do everyday tasks. Insulin is a hormone which facilitates this process and is therefore an important part of the bodys normal functioning that helps to maintain an appropriate level of glucose in the blood. In the case of diabetic patient who do not produce or properly use insulin, blood glucose levels must be manually regulated or the patient may sufferer undesired consequences (Stratton et al. , 2000) A high proportion of diabetes cases are not diagnosed or are diagnosed late, which contributes to a high prevalence of complications and thus to the high cost of their management (Eliasson et al. , 2005). Complications from diabetes can be reduced by better and more adapted follow-up such as blood glucose control, regular eye and kidney function examinations, lipid and blood pressure management. 2. 1Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Type-1 insulin dependence diabetes mellitus was formerly called juvenile-onset diabetes, because it mostly attacks young people. This type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells. The destruction of BETA cells will decreased insulin production and caused uncontrolled glucose production by the liver. It symptoms include increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, blurring of vision and extreme tiredness (Mayo Clinic, 2010). In type-2 diabetes, the body cells are resistant to the action of insulin and/or the pancreas produce decreasing amounts of insulin. As a result, the blood glucose level becomes progressively higher over time and the body cells receive an inadequate supply of glucose – the body’s primary energy source. The symptoms of type-2 diabetes develop gradually and are not as noticeable as for type-1 diabetes. The symptoms include feeling tired or ill, frequent urination at night, unusual thirst, weight loss, blurring of vision, frequent infections and slow healing of sores (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem affecting approximately 4. percent of adults aged 20 years and over in the world in 1995 (Harris et al. , 1998) and this prevalence is projected to rise from 4. 0 to 5. 4 percent (King et al. , 1998). The proportional increase in type 2 diabetes prevalence rates is greater in developing countries, especially those of Asia (King et al. , 1998; Cockram, 2000). In both types of diabetes, the symptoms are quickly relieved once the diabetes is treated. Early treatment will also reduce the chances of developing serious health problems. A third type of the diabetes is called gestational diabetes. It develops or is discovered during pregnancy. It usually disappears when the pregnancy is over and women who have had gestational diabetes have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes later (Mayo Clinic, 2010). 2. 2Cause and Risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus. There are many risk factors that predispose an individual or population to developing glucose intolerance and finally to have diabetes (Ram, 2000). There is evidence that lifestyle related changes are the main factors influencing the explosion of diabetes in the modern times. Risk factors such as obesity, physical inactivity and high-fat diet are significant predictors of type 2 diabetes (Zimmet, 1992), which are the results of lifestyle choices determined by one’s culture. According to Mendosa (2001), the common risk factors are: i. Person who has a family history of diabetes is in risk of type-2 diabetes if a parent or siblings has type-2 diabetes. Being obese or overweight person may heighten the risk to have type-2 diabetes as excessive fatty tissue will make the cells to be insulin resistant. Past studies indicate that a person’s race or ethnicity such as blacks, Hispanics, American Indians and Asian-American are more likely to develop type-2 diabetes. ii. The risk of type-2 diabetes increases as a person gets older, especially after age 45 as people tend to exercise less, lose muscle mass and gain weight as they age. However, current studies indicate that type-2 diabetes is also increasing dramatically among children, adolescents and younger adults. iii. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, has many serious consequences, especially for people with diabetes. Hypertension is twice as common in people with diabetes. Older persons with diabetes have higher rates of death at a younger age, disability, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. iv. Hyperlipidemia can be defined as a condition where there are too many fats, or lipids, in the circulating blood. Untreated or poorly treated diabetics do not metabolize fats properly, due to lack of enough insulin to do so. The increased risk of coronary artery disease in subjects with diabetes mellitus can be partially explained by the lipoprotein abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus. Hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein are the most common lipid abnormalities. In type-1 diabetes mellitus, these abnormalities can usually be reversed with glycemic control. In contrast, in type-2 diabetes mellitus, although lipid values improve, abnormalities commonly persist even after optimal glycemic control has been achieved. v. If a woman developed gestational diabetes when they were pregnant, she has a higher risk of developing type-2 diabetes later. If a woman gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4. 1 kilograms), she also has a higher risk of having type-2 diabetes. 2. 3Managing Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a chronic disease with no cure. As such, the main task of managing diabetes is to keep the blood glucose level within a specified range to avoid short-term emergency problems stemming from hypoglycemia (blood sugar too low) and possible long-term complications of hyperglycemia (blood sugar too high) (Plocher,1996). The American Diabetes Association (2002) recommends guideline levels of blood glucose during certain times of the day. The ADA recommends a blood glucose level of 90 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) during fasting, 105mg/dl prior to meals, 130mg/dl one hour after meals, and 120mg/dl two hours after meals (American Diabetes Association 2002). It is associated with an impaired glucose cycle, altering metabolism. Management of this disease may include lifestyle modifications such as achieving and maintaining proper weight, diet, exercise and foot care. The attitude toward the management of Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes has been greatly changed by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), which has shown conclusively that we need to obtain and maintain a high degree of control in order to prevent complications of diabetes (Diana Richard, 2003). 2. 4Treating Diabetes Mellitus Although diabetes cannot be cured, it can be treated very successfully. Type 1 diabetes is treated by insulin injections and a healthy  diet, and regular exercise is recommended. Insulin cannot be taken by mouth because it is destroyed by the digestive juices in the stomach. People with this type of diabetes commonly take either two or four injections of insulin each day. Type-1 diabetes, insulin injections are vital to keep patient alive and must have them every day (Diana Richard, 2003). Type-2 diabetes is treated with lifestyle changes such as a healthier diet, weight loss and increased physical activity. Tablets and/or insulin may also be required to achieve normal blood glucose levels. There are several kinds of tablets for people with Type 2 diabetes. Some kinds help the pancreas to produce more insulin. Other kinds help the body to make better use of the insulin that the pancreas does produce. Another type of tablet slows down the speed at which the body absorbs glucose from the intestine. The doctor will decide which kinds of tablet are going to work best for the patient and may prescribe more than one kind. Type 2 diabetes is progressive. If the diabetes cannot be controlled through lifestyle changes and tablets the doctor may recommend that the patient take insulin injections (Diana Richard, 2003). The main aim of treatment of both types of diabetes is to achieve blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol levels as near to normal as possible. This, together with a healthy lifestyle, will help to improve wellbeing and protect against long-term damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and major arteries (Diana Richard, 2003) 2. 5Complication of Diabetes Mellitus Complications of diabetes include both short-term, acute problems, as well as long-term, chronic problems. Among the former group are problems such as diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemia, and diabetic coma. Among the latter group, usually associated with chronically high glucose levels, are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic myonecrosis, and carotid arterystenosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by the accumulation of ketones, the by-product of the breakdown of fat cells. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma occurs during extreme hyperglycemia when water is scarce in the body. Whereas the excess glucose would normally leave the body via urination, the kidneys try to conserve water causing the glucose to remain in the body. This leads to a cycle of dehydration leading to increased blood glucose levels which leads back to dehydration and so on. This condition may lead to shock, cerebral edema, blood clots, lactic acidosis and coma (Stratton et al. , 2000) Diabetic nephropathy is a condition in which the kidneys cease to function properly, resulting in increased protein levels in the urine. This condition may lead to high blood pressure, chronic kidney failure and end-stage kidney disease. Diabetic neuropathy is a diabetes complication in which nerve damage results from decreased blood flow and chronic hyperglycemia. This condition affects approximately 50% of diabetic patients. Diabetic neuropathy may lead to constant, intense pain or total loss of sensation in the affected area. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the eyes retina. Nearly everyone who has diabetes for more than 30 years will exhibit symptoms of diabetic retinopathy. Most of the complications of diabetes mellitus may be avoided by maintaining normal blood glucose levels (Stratton et al. , 2000; The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, 1993). 2. 6The Primary Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus in Malaysia This population based approach is being set up by the Ministry of Health. In the Government Clinic, any individual who has symptoms of Diabetes (tiredness, lethargy, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, pruritis vulvae, balanitis) and any adult who are overweight (BMI) 23kg/m2 or waist circumference ? 80cm for women and ? 90cm for men and having family members having diabetes must be screened. Pregnant women who is overweight (BMI) 27kg/m2 and has previous gestational diabetes will be screened annually. The onset of Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delay through  a healthy lifestyle. Change your diet, increase your level of physical activity,  maintain a healthy weight with these positive steps, you can stay healthier longer and reduce your risk of diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2009). 3. 0Critical Evaluation Diabetes Mellitus education is not sufficient in Malaysia. There is no school-based obesity prevention and treatment program for overweight and obese adolescents. Healthy lifestyle must be taught at school level. The best and most effective ways to prevent Diabetes Mellitus is to educate the population to take care of their own health both in the urban and rural areas. 4. 0Clinical Case Scenario . 1Patient background Mr. S is a 52 years old Malay man and works as a male nurse. He is married and has three teenage children. He has a happy family life and other than his hypertension he has no medical history of note. He feels fit and well (with no symptoms of diabetes such as thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, frequency of micturition). He was somewha t alarmed when he was called back for a glucose tolerance test, as his FBS reading was 16. 1mmol/L during health awareness campaign week at age 49 years old. He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes on blood test. On examination he was obese and has hypertension. He had been on anti-hypertensive a low-dose of Atenolol for the past ten years. At that time his weight was 120 kg at 5 feet 6 inches height. He stopped smoking and consumes alcohol at age of 40 years old. His blood glucose when he was first diagnosed with type 2 diabetes was 10. 2 mmol/L, His oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was 16. 1 mmol/L Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) is the most sensitive test for diagnosing diabetes and pre-diabetes. He was referred to Diabetic Clinic for diabetic management and assessment such as lifestyle modification, healthy diet and medication. The baseline examination done for Mr. S was to assess the risk factors and complications of diabetes. His hemoglobin HbA1C test was 7. 5 %. The HbA1C blood test measured the average blood glucose level during the past two or three months. His fasting lipid profile, Cholestrol 7. 1 mmol/L,Triglycerides 2. 5 mmol/L,HDL 1. 0 mmol/L,LDL 4. 9 mmol/L,Serum Creatinine 96 mmol/L , Liver Function Test , Bilirubin. Total 15umol/L,Transaminase. G-O 5-23 u/L,Transaminase G-P 31 u/L,Proteins. Total 89 umol/L,Albumin 54g/L,Globulin 35g/L, Bilirubin, Conjugated 5umol/L and Phosphatase alkaline 77 u/L, Blood Urea Serum Electrolyte, Sodium 145mmol/L, Potassium 4. mmol/L, Blood Urea 5. 4 mmol/L, foot examination : No abnormality detected, eye examination: no abnormality detected. Electrocardiogram ( ECG ) : nor abnormality detected. His current medication is tablet metformin 1000mg twice a day and tablet aspirin 62. 5mg once a day, tablet Simvastatin 20mg on night and tablet Irbesartan 150mg daily. 3. 2Clinical monitoring protocol for Mr. S in the management of his diabetes. Blood pressure, body weight and blood glucose should be monitored at each visit. Feet for pulses to check for neuropathy, body weight, blood pressure, blood glucose and HbA1c to be monitored quarterly. Cholesterol, triglycerides, albiminuria and creatinine to be monitored if found abnormal at first visit. As for annually the whole investigation has to be monitored plus fundoscopy for visual acuity, body mass index, electrocardiogram and urine for microscopy. If cardiovascular or renal complications are present or patients are on lipid-lowering and or on anti-hypertensive therapy, lipids and renal function may need to be checked more often. This, together with a healthy lifestyle, will help to improve wellbeing and protect against long-term damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and major arteries. 3. Nursing management Mr. S was advised to have a balanced diet, managing his weight and following a healthy lifestyle, together with taking any prescribed medication and monitoring where appropriate will benefit his health and losing his weight will help him to control his diabetes and will also reduce him risk of heart disease, and stroke. Being active is good for all of us but is e specially important for people with diabetes. Physical activity, combined with healthy eating and any diabetes medication that Mr. S might be taking, will help him to manage his diabetes and prevent long-term diabetes complications. Mr. S was also advised not to smoke again because giving up smoking is one of the most positive things him has done to both  improve his health and reduce his risks of the long-term complications associated with the condition. Everyone risks of damaging their health through smoking a cigarette but for people with diabetes the risk may be even greater. Patient who has diabetes already have an increased chance of developing cardiovascular disease, such as a heart attack, stroke or circulatory problems in the legs. When combined with smoking this can also double his risk of complications and make the chances of developing these diseases even higher. . 0Conclusion There is no cure for Diabetes Mellitus but with close monitoring of blood glucose level and blood pressure it can be managed and this can avoid or minimized complications. Diabetes mellitus is a condition, which requires careful management in which the patient has to be the one who takes control. Although professionals in health and nutrition participate in the treatment, it is patient who is mostly responsible for the outcome. The diabetic person can learn how to manage his conditions in the best possible way. If anyone in the family like parent, brother, or sister with diabetes, he or she is at risk of developing diabetes. She or he must get screened for it annually from the age of 30 years old onwards even though if they have no symptoms of diabetes, they must learn how to prevent it. References: American Diabetes Association, editor (2002) American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. 3rd edn. New York : Bantam Books. Cockram, C. S. (2000) The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region, HongKong Medical Journal, Vol. 6, pp. 43-52. Diabetes Daily (2010) Available at https://www. diabetesdaily. com. (Accessed: 12 April 2010). Diana, W. G. Richard, A. G. (2003) The Diabetes Sourcebook. th edn, New York: McGraw Hill. Eliasson, B. , Cederholm, J. , Nilsson, P. and Gudbjo? rnsdottir, S. (2005), â€Å"The gap between guidelines and reality: Type 2 diabetes in a national diabetes register 1996-2003†, Diabetic Medicine, Vol. 22 No. 10, pp. 1420-1426. Harris, M. I. , Flegal, K. M. , Cowie, C. C. , Eberhardt, M. S. , Goldstein, D. E. , Little, R. R. , Wiedmyer, H. M. and By rd-Holt, D. D. (1998) â€Å"Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in US adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( 1988-1994 ) Diabetes Care, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 518-524. Health CareHandbook, Aspen Publishers, Inc. , Gaithersburg,MD, pp. 318-329. Health in Aging (2010) Available at https://www. healthinaging. org (Accessed: 25 April 2010). International Diabetes Federation (2009) Available at https://www. idf. org (Accessed: 22 May 2010). King, H. , Aubert, R. E. and Herman, W. H. (1998) â€Å"Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025. Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections†, Diabetes Care, Vol. 21 No. 9, pp. 1414-1431. Florence, T. et. al. (2009) Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 4th edn. Malaysia : CPG Ministry Of Health. Malaysian Diabetes Association (2009) Available at https://www. diabetes. org. my (Acessed: 22 May 2010). Mayo Clinic (2010) Available at https://www. mayoclinic. com (Accessed: 18 April 2010). Mendosa, D. (2001) What is Diabetes. Available at: https://www. mendosa. com/what. htm (Acessed: 29 May 2010). Plocher, D. W. (1996) Disease management, in Kongstvedt, P. R. (Ed. ), The Managed Health CareHandbook, Aspen Publishers, Inc. , Gaithersburg,MD, pp. 318-329. Ram, C. S. (2000) â€Å"The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region†, Hong Kong Medical Journal, Vol. , pp. 43-52. Stratton, I. M. , Adler, A. I. , Neil, A. W. , Matthews, D. R. , Manley, S. E. , Cull, C. A. , Hadden, D. , Turner, R. C. , and Holman, R. R. (2000). Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS35): prospective observational study. Brittish Medical Journal, 321:405 p. 412. The Star (2010) Available at https:// www. thestar. com. my. (Accessed: 11 April 2010). Zimmet, P. Z. (1992) â€Å"Challenges in diabetes epidemiology – from West to the rest† Diabetes Care, Vol. 15, pp. 232-252.

3 Elements Of Smallholder Agriculture - 770 Words

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Poverty In Canada Free Essays

Introduction Although Canada is considered as a materially affluent country with impressive performance in industrial and economic growth since past 50 years, it has been unable to forsake poverty as a social problem. In fact as the Canada’s social security net has weakened and income inequalities widened, the issue of poverty has worsened in the Canadian society (Shewell, 1998, 45;). Presently 14 % population of Canada is living under conditions of poverty (Reutter et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty In Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2006, 1). Various researches and studies in issues of poverty in Canada have shown that poverty is the result of social exclusion and marginalization factors that deprive certain individuals from benefits of mainstreams institutions and mechanism thereby increasing inequality in the society whereby these individuals are no longer able to participate meaningfully in the social process (Williamson and Reutter, 1999, 1). Canada’s economic reconstruction due to globalization and free trade affected its industrial structure and resulted in hundred of thousands of jobs loss that adversely affected the social composition in Canada. The new postindustrial economy that replaced the earlier system failed to create adequate number of opportunities. The jobs in the new system are either highly specialized or low paid that does not compensate the losses of the previous system. With the simultaneous decline the social welfare system in Canada, lack of government support to family allowance programs and doubtful ability of pension plan to support ageing population, the issue of disproportionate income distribution and poverty has emerged as serious matter of concern both from individual and social point of view (Barlow and Campbell, 1995). This paper discusses the impact of poverty on individual and society. This paper evaluates effect of poverty on youths, single parents, aboriginals and immigrants in Canada.   It will also examine the role played by poverty in creating a system of alienation and denial where people are forced to live a life of deprivation. Scope and effect of poverty Effect of poverty on individuals The traditional attitude in Canada towards poverty has been dismissive. People often associated poverty with laziness and more corruption and accepted its deservingness for those affected by it (Shewell, 1998, 51, Reutter et al., 2006, 1). However, the facts show that poverty cannot be generalized or dismissed as a wayward incident in the Canadian society. Rather, it is a disturbing phenomenon that adversely affects many vulnerable sections of the society.   According to Shewell (1998,58), children under age group of 18, single parent mothers, socially excluded persons, and immigrants faces highest rates of poverty in Canada with the rates of poverty being especially high in urban centers. Poverty profoundly affects the capacity of individuals to survive and negotiate with general conditions of life in a positive and constructive way thus rendering them highly vulnerable from the social perspective. From the broader point of view poverty is the cause of falling health standards, increased rates of illness, heightened percentage of crimes and drug abuse among youths, rising homelessness and loss of ability to participate in the social process. The individual and group effects of poverty are mentioned in the following sections Youths: Poverty has long term and damaging effect on youths rendering them homeless and pushing them in vicious cycle of bad health, crime, drug abuse and sex crimes, destitution, mental illness and higher suicide rates (Kidd and Davidson, 2006, 44). Youths, especially in urban areas, in the age group from 12-24, are most vulnerable, mostly living in temporary shelters, without any fixed source of income thereby being forced to settle for irregular ways of earning and living. The uncertainty and unhealthy life conditions results in extremely high mortality rate among urban poor youths (Kidd and Davidson, 2006, 45). One of the most dangerous fallout of poverty and lack of government support structure for youths is increasing youth crime. Increasing income inequality and social divide force poverty stricken youths to submit to illegal activities, mugging, and narcotics trade. Poverty thus creates most compelling conditions that lead youths in crime and corruption. Poverty also create conditions where youths are unable to utilize their capabilities, lack access to education, health facilities and social support structure due to the stigma that is associated with poverty (ibid). Single parent: Single parent face greatest risk of poverty and the consequent effects are often disastrous for their life (Shewell. 1998, 58). The rate of poverty for single non working parent was 73 % in Canada in mid nineties, much higher than other developed countries like UK, US and Australia (Curtis and Pennock, 7). Poverty poses enormous health risk for health of both mother and child, where inadequate income forces them to abandon health services and insurance plans while creating conditions of perpetual stress and deprivation. Aboriginals: The aboriginal and native population of Canada lacks the same social benefits and economic advantages that other sections of country enjoy. Rates of unemployment and poverty are generally very high in the native population that result from absence of government supportive policy, cultural disparity, absence of social development conditions such as education, health facilities, equal employment opportunities all of them causing lack of self determination and independence among them, creating the conditions of poverty and resource denial (Kendall, 2001, 43). Immigrants: Immigrants in Canada have traditionally shown high rate of poverty, the exact indices of which varies from region to region. As the most of immigrant in Canada are from third world country, they face cultural and social problems in assimilating with the Canadian system. Further, as pointed by Halli and Kazemipur (1997, 12 ), most of the immigrants arrived in Canada in 1970s when government’s social support structure was breaking down, and economic opportunities had started to shrink. Due to lack of any outside support and additional sources of income, immigrants became especially vulnerable to hardship and poverty. The adverse circumstances forced these individuals in ghettos where a culture of poverty was born, alienating these individuals from conditions of healthy and sensitized conditions of living (ibid).  In general poverty reduces the ability of individuals to implement themselves constructively in their personal as well as social life. It leads to breakup of family system, causes relational disintegration, and absence of consonance between individuals conditions and society’s economic progress. Social Effect of Poverty Poverty has far reaching effects that influence not only individuals but also the whole society and economy in the longer analysis. On the one hand the society looses its significant number of population who could have been otherwise included in the mainstream economic, educational and health institutions but who are left on periphery in damaging clutches of poverty that reduces their functional capacity to participate in society. On the other side, poverty puts enormous strain on resources where the government is required to support poor with various welfare programs and financial concessions (Shewell, 61 ). along with instituting rehabilitation measures for socially excluded people, drug addicts and homeless people. Poverty weakens the family structure, which is the basis of social stability (Cheal, 1996, 55). Consequently it creates a culture of economic hardship, deprivation and emotional stress that enervate society to function as a integrated whole. Dissatisfaction, inequality, isolation, conflict, discrimination, marginalization, exclusion and rejection are some of vices of poverty that threatens Canadian society. The greatest danger associated with poverty is that it has the tendency to self perpetuate and expand its domination and its feared that if left unchecked it can cause significant socio-economic damage to Canada by creating rift within social order. Conclusion Poverty is a stigma and a bane that needs conscious effort by government, civil society and individuals to combat and obliterate. As stated by Tanner (2003, 125), education, employment and avoidance of untimely pregnancy are three of the surest measures to break the cycle of poverty and create conditions of equitable living condition. As unemployment is one of the chief factors causing poverty, it’s the responsibility of government to introduce policies that increase employment opportunities.   However, it’s also the responsibility of civil society and individuals to take conscious effort in defeating poverty by understanding that poor are more in need of psychological support and acceptance than financial grant. This can be achieved by encouraging them to participate, creating conditions for their collaboration in social building process. It should also be ensured that political, economical and social institutions are oriented in specific ways to provide poor with opportunities to return back to mainstream society, integrate with it and cooperate with others to create a system free of poverty. Reference Barlow, M. and Campbell, B. (1995) Straight Through the Heart: How theLiberals Abandoned the Just Society, Toronto: Harper Collins Curtis, L.J and Pennock. 2006. M. Social Assistance, Lone Parents and Health: What Do We Know, Where Do We go. Canadian Journal of Public Health, Ottawa. Vol. 97. Cheal, D.1996. New Poverty: Families in Postmodern Society: Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT. Halli, S.S, and Kazemipur, A. 1997.   Plight of Immigrants: The Spatial Concentration of Poverty in Canada Canadian Journal of Regional Science. Volume: 20. Issue: 1-2. Page Number: 11-28 Kendall, J. 2001. Circles of Disadvantage: Aboriginal Poverty and Underdevelopment in Canada. American Review of Canadian Studies. Kidd, S.A, 2006. Davidson, L. 2006. Youth Homelessness: A Call for Partnerships between Research and Policy. Canadian Journal of Public Health.   Ottawa: Vol. 97,   Iss. 6,   p.  445-447  (3  pp.) Love R. Makwarimba E. Mcmurray S. Raphael D. Reutter L.I. Stewart M.J, Veenstra G. 2006. ‘Public Attributions for Poverty in Canada’. The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology. Volume: 43. Issue:1 Mitchell, A. and R. Shillington. 2002. Poverty, Inequality, and Social Inclusion. Working Paper Series: Perspectives on Social Inclusion. Toronto: The Laidlaw Foundation Shewell, H. 1988. Poverty: A Persistent Global Reality. (edit) John Dixon,   David Macarov. Routledge. London. Tanner, M.D. 2003. The Poverty of Welfare: Helping Others in Civil Society. Washington, DC. Williamson, D. and L. Reutter. 1999. â€Å"Defining and measuring poverty: Implications for the health of Canadians.† Health Promotion International, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 355-64. How to cite Poverty In Canada, Essay examples

Galileo And Newton Essay Research Paper Galileo free essay sample

Galileo And Newton Essay, Research Paper Galileo and Newton 2/4/97 Galileo believed the physical universe to be bounded. He says that all material things have # 8220 ; this or that form # 8221 ; and are little or big in relation to other things. He besides says that stuff objects are either in gesture or at remainder, touching or non touching some other organic structure, and are either one in figure, or many. The cardinal belongingss of the material universe are mathematical and strengthened through experimentation. Galileo excludes the belongingss of gustatory sensations, olfactory properties, colourss, and so on when depicting the material universe. He states that these belongingss # 8220 ; shack merely in the consciousness. # 8221 ; These latter belongingss would discontinue to be without the life animal so the mathematically defined belongingss are the most accurate in depicting the material universe. Galileo seems to prove his beliefs through experimentation and mathematical logical thinking. He sites illustrations in life that support his hypothesis. His statement is of a scientific nature because he is doing a hypothesis on a typical type of construct. The decisions that Galileo made relate straight to the work in natural philosophies for which he is so good known. His decisions put accent on forms, Numberss, and gesture which are all belongingss that lend themselves to back up through # 8220 ; concluding back and Forth between theory and experiment. # 8221 ; I feel that Galileo # 8217 ; s statement is a valid one because it explains dealingss in nature and the physical universe through mathematical analysis. This allows him to specify a universe outside of human being that can be logically calculated and explained. His position describes the universe in which life animals live and non contrasts it to the universe within life animals. The job with Galileo # 8217 ; s position is that it pioneers a scientific mentality but neer really fulfills it. Newton believes the universe is finally made up of difficult atoms that can retain different belongingss. The cardinal belongingss are solid, massy, impenetrable, and movable atoms. He believes God created affair in the get downing in such a manner to let the atoms to take on mathematical signifiers. His attack is a scientific 1 because he patterns the continual interaction of experiment and theory. It is the difficult atoms that move in such a manner that can be assigned certain mathematical rules that clearly explain the interaction of organic structures. Newton # 8217 ; s decision seems to be a strong one because it trades with the universe being made up of atoms and shows how these atoms act with each other in a manner that can be explained scientifically. I like the thought of organized flow in the universe and God being the Godhead of it all. The mathematical/scientific attack offers account to how the atoms are traveling. Galileo and Newton differ in certain facets of their apprehension of the physical universe. Galileo doesn # 8217 ; t set much accent on the function of creativeness in scientific discipline. Newton believes in the mathematical and experimentation mentality of scientific discipline pioneered by Galileo but he believed that new constructs are the merchandise of originative imaginativeness. He felt that math should explicate the constructs imagined. Newton extended thoughts pioneered by Galileo on issues of forces, multitudes, forms, and signifiers. Newton didn # 8217 ; t experience that the scientific theory needed to reply every inquiry asked about a phenomenon in order to be utile. Galileo and Newton make a strong statement for the deficiency of intents or values in nature. Their scientific heads sought replies on a logical graduated table. They could analyse the stuff universe through computations and in this math was suited account. In the survey of natural philosophies, intents are irrelevant. Physicss looks for the mathematical account of constructs and doesn # 8217 ; t need to analyze the intent behind such. It is concerned merely with what happens and how it is go oning. The doctrine of natural philosophies could widen the constructs to incorporate intent. The universe is the merchandise of the opportunity multitude of atoms. Everything is comprised of atoms and it makes up the known universe to which mathematical rules analyze. If there are no intents in the existence and this fact is supported through scientific survey, so there is purpose in that scientific discipline works to interrupt down the material universe to series of facts that are invariably accommodating to one another. The universe position introduced by 17th century mechanists is scientific discipline. Science became the reply or manner to the reply. Aristotelean position is concerned with the concluding province whereas as the scientists thought the of import information was the full procedure, or efficient causes. It is besides concerned with the intents and values that are at work in nature while mechanists see nature as a mechanism that operates blindly, and the forces of nature are in themselves wholly apathetic to intents or values. Newton, in resistance to Aristotle, didn # 8217 ; t believe in unknown causes. He wanted replies that were or could be proven. I feel that Newton has the stronger position because his trades with discernible facts and non merely constructs. Newton # 8217 ; s thoughts about the universe extend the constructs of Democritus. Newton strengthens the mechanistic position by supplying it with mathematical logical thinking. Aristotle # 8217 ; s statement of Democritus weakens when covering with Newton. He had scientific grounds that backed up his claims. However, Newton still doesn # 8217 ; t concern mechanism with the reply of # 8220 ; why # 8221 ; but instead looked to understand the immediate # 8220 ; how. # 8221 ; Newton would hold that Democritus didn # 8217 ; t back up his statements with fact and that they are largely conceptual positions. Newton would hold to back up Democritus for originating the atomic theory and would likely state that his thoughts are relevant and non over simplified. Form in the universe is the consequence of other causes in a long, scientific concatenation of efficient causes by the interactions of atoms. In a manner Newton # 8217 ; s cosmogonic thoughts are better because he was able to support interactions within the existence with mathematical logical thinking. He finally came to the belief that # 8220 ; there is no scientific account for the form of the planets, # 8221 ; keeping that coplanar orbits with speeds in the same way can non be accounted for by natural causes. This lead him to the reply that God prevents the existence from fall ining. I feel this is better than Timaeus # 8217 ; s position of forms in the universe because he has to fling certain information because he himself can # 8217 ; t happen mathematical cogent evidence for these theories. Subsequently, Laplace will be able to account for the coplanar character of the solar system by demoing insufficiencies in Newton # 8217 ; s scientific discipline. This is a recognition to Newton in that if he couldn # 8217 ; t back a theory with mathematical ground and experiment, he wasn # 8217 ; t merely traveling to presume it to be true. Galileo and Newton along with Plato believed in atoms or atoms as the stuff of which all things are made of. I besides infer that they would slightly hold on how truth can be perceived otherwise in the same mode that sentiment is different from cognition ( this thought was illustrated by Plato in his divided line analogy ) . For the mechanists, sentiment is a perceptual experience of truth but an wrong one because it is non supported with mathematical logical thinking and experimentation, which would so do it cognition.

How is tension created and sustained in The Monkeys Paw Essay Example

How is tension created and sustained in The Monkeys Paw Paper The Monkeys Paw is a short, horror story written by WW Jacobs. It was written and set in the 19th century in a time where there was almost an obsession with the gothic, Victoria genre. Jacobs uses a range of techniques which create and add tension of the audience. The setting, structure, genre, characters, language and atmosphere all contribute to the ascending build up of tension throughout the story. The setting of the story is typical of the time in which it was set. There are many clues given by the author, which help us to distinguish the time period in which the play was set. Items such as the china candlestick and the fire would not be used commonly today because of the introduction of electrical heaters etc. Furthermore, when Mr white says: A rat. It passed me on the stairs, we find it difficult to comprehend this. This is because we would find a rat scuttling around in our houses today extremely peculiar and probably unbelievable whereas Mr and Mrs White do not seem to make much of a fuss about it because it may have been normal in that time. The rat may have been common then, in a time where plague and diseases were very active. We will write a custom essay sample on How is tension created and sustained in The Monkeys Paw specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How is tension created and sustained in The Monkeys Paw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How is tension created and sustained in The Monkeys Paw specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This all contributes towards the spooky/horror theme of the story which creates a feeling amongst the audience that they expect something to happen. The setting/atmosphere created in the story is very carefully thought out by the author. It starts with the father and son playing chess together, indicating that they have a close relationship and the family is close-knit. The family are in the warmth of their cosy home, at least the author gives this impression to us anyway, the fire burned brightly. Father and son were at chess. This image given to us by the author is very ironic because they may seem safe at the moment but later on we come to find out that they are far from it and are in fact extremely insecure. The weather is described to us as being, cold and wet, which has depressing, gloomy connotations which is therefore in complete contrast to the atmosphere inside. This signals a change in the plot, and the with the cold, wet weather, the author is almost hinting to use that something negative is going to happen in the story. Therefore, the reader is encouraged to read on because of the tension that has been created. However, the weather outside also reflects the mood of Mr. White who is upset after losing the chess match, so therefore it is pathetic fallacy, which in turn creates an eerie mood. Another significant factor in the setting of the story is Sergeant-Major Morriss introduction of India. Since India is a foreign country, the audience may not be so familiar with it. Therefore, they would not be too sure what to expect of the monkeys paw in terms of its powers and therefore mystery is created. This leads to the curiosity of the reader, creating tension as the reader gets eager and wants to know what will happen. The family live in a villa, away from everything, which gives us the impression they are isolated; Mr White says, Thats the worst of living so far out .. Only two houses in the road are let. This tells us that they live in a very secluded area, away from a town or city. By situating the family in this area, the author is hinting to us that something bad is going to happen because the thought of them with nobody else to help them if something goes wrong makes them seem vulnerable to us. Furthermore, Mr White saying to us that only two houses in the road are let enhances the idea that they are isolated because that means only two of the other houses are occupied. Sergeant-Major Morris is an extremely mysterious character. We seem to imagine him as a gigantic, mean, imposing, muscular man when hearing of his arrival because of the heavy footsteps, which he makes as described so by the author. His arrival is somewhat sprung on use and we do not get to know much about him until he starts conversing with the Mr White and family about the paw. Therefore he is almost like an unknown character to us. Once Mr White mentions the Monkeys Paw, he seems eager to change the subject: Nothing said the soldier hastily. This tells us that he was not keen to disclose information about the Monkeys Paw and was clearly hiding some details at the beginning. Once he realises the others are interested in the paw, he tries to play down its powers: its just an ordinary little paw dried to a little mummy. The reason for him acting this way is not clear to us at first but later on we get to know that the reason for this is because he has bad experiences with it. We know this because of his reaction when being asked is he had used his three wishes, his blotchy face whitened. This indicates that he has had some bad encounters with the paw because ones face usually whitens when feeling sick, shocked or frightened. However, he does warn the Whites about its powers, it has caused enough mischief already, although he prevents himself from revealing the full details of these events for some reason. It is also ironic that he says to the Whites, dont blame me for what happens, and but I warn you of the consequences, because although there are plenty of strong warnings, the Whites seem disinterested but in the end they pay for this i. e. Herberts death. On the whole, Sergeant-major is a mysterious character of whom we know little of. He seems to be hiding something about his experiences with the Paw. His character creates an eagerness in the audience resulting in tension. Another character who contributes to the tension created in the story is Mrs White. From what she says (her speech), we get to know that she is quite suspicious: He dont look to have taken much harm, is what she says when responding to something the sergeant said. This tells us she is not scared to point something out, and is prepared for an argument if she does not agree with somebody. It also tells us that she may know something about the sergeant that we do not. Similarly, she is very curious about the monkeys paw and is surprised upon hearing of its powers, Sounds like Arabian nights, she says. Here, she is mocking the sergeant major, making a mockery of a highly respected figure. It also tells us that she is a very curious person. This suspicious, curious attitude of hers adds to the tension. However, Mrs Whites attitude to the paw very much changes towards the end of the story. After learning about the death of her son, Herbert, she wants to bring him back by using the powers of the paw. This is in high contrast to her attitude at the beginning when she thought it was just a toy. She urges her husband to wish for Herbert back using the paw: Wish she cried in a strong voice. This tells us of her eagerness to bring Herbert back, indicating she loves her son very much. During the climax, the language devices and style used by the author are all very interesting, and were all created in order to create a rush of tension at the end. The sentences used at this point in the story are shorter ones in comparison to the more complex and compound sentences used beforehand. Sentences such as, His wife sat up in bed listening, Let go and I must open the door are use by the author in order to increase the pace of the story and to create anxiety amongst the audience. The sentences are short in order to delay the point of climax, so that the audience find the ending of a better quality. There are also short bursts of action at this point in the story to get the reader excited about what will happen, and frantically breathed his third and last wish. This is probably the part of the play where the tension is at its highest because the audience are holding their breath as to what it going to happen. The adverbs used by the author help to create this tension because words such as frantically, hoarsely and appealingly give us an insight to the actual feelings of the characters. This helps us because then we can relate to the characters. In conclusion, I can say that in the monkeys paw the author uses a variety of methods to create tension. These include characters, setting, structure, language and style. Overall, I would say that Sergeant-Major Morris is the person who contributes to providing the most amount of tension in the play. His mysteriousness and whole demeanour just makes the audience think that something bad is going to happen in the play because of him. I also think that the climax used by WW Jacobs was a very clever way to build up a lot of tension.

Starting a website with no fuss. Read all about it here

Starting a website with no fuss. Read all about it here How to start a website in 20 minutes Sometimes when we hear the word website most people take to their heels as they always imagine it must be something very complex. Well allow us to quickly show you how you can get your own website up working in no time and you do not need a web developer or designer for this. So you know just about anybody can start their own website. 5 reasons to start a website 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boost your CV and boost your professional presence. 2.  Ã‚   If your reason for creating a website is to make money then you are on the right path. 3.  Ã‚   Presents you with more freedom and allows you to work from just about anywhere. 4.  Ã‚   Very easy and affordable. WordPress WordPress is a free Content Management System (CMS) that lets anyone create, design, write and manage their own website. Do not think just because of its free cost then it's not the real deal. Well so you know CNN, NASA all are using WordPress. Statistically, WordPress platform manages over 25% of all website present today. One more thing it is really beginner friendly. WordPress needs to be installed on a web host and in this article; we will be using Bluehost which is very easy to run. The cost of using Bluehost is very minimal. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Choose and register a domain name The first thing you need to do is get a domain name. This is usually what people type on their browser to find your website. For example, savethestudent.org is a domain name. With a domain name, everyone who wants to check your website out can easily find it. We have different domain name extensions, .com, .net, .info, .org. We have special service providers that could easily get you any domain name for a low-cost if such name is available. Note sometimes you have to make multiple changes to a choice of name because you are just one person in a million trying to get a domain name registered. So if your name is not available all you need to do is make a twitch by adding a number (1†¦..) or a character (-) or you can try a different extension (.info). A little twitch to the name can be beneficial. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Setup website hosting As mentioned earlier every website needs to be hosted. Do not be scared when you hear these names. Think of a web host as the house accommodating all websites. When any visitor types your domain name it’s the job of the web host to serve your website to be seen. There are loads of web hosting services out there but for the purpose of beginners, we suggest you use Bluehost.   6 main reasons for choosing Bluehost 1. it’s not expensive (from $2.95pm) 2. Trustworthy (99.9% uptime) 3. Free domain name, email addresses 1-click WordPress install 4. Very cool and effective support and guides. 5. 30-day full refund policy if services granted are not satisfactory. 6. WordPress recommended. Usually to get a good price you need to pay for about a year or more and this will result in you paying just a little fraction. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Installing WordPress on Bluehost So now after the two steps above you already have an online presence but to have your website looking as it should be you need to download WordPress. Now you can add content and create your own design. There is no need for any formal education to be able to use this platform. Most of the tools you will need are already available to you inside. All you have to do is use what you want. Technically your online presence is secured at this stage, but if anyone goes over to your site, there won't be much to see! That won't be for long though†¦ you're about to install WordPress which allows you to easily manage your whole site, including content and design, without any technical background or coding experience. WordPress which was formally designed for blogs but now millions of websites use it with some very big names like CNN and MTV. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Choose your WordPress theme If someone visits your website at this stage it still looks too basic and empty. So, it’s time to do some work. First, you change the theme of your website. This going to be the first page every visitor sees when they arrive on your page. There are loads of themes available for you to choose from. Get to the Admin panel click on Appearance Theme. After you see what you like you can first preview it to see how it looks or go ahead and install to apply the Theme. Adding contents is quite easy, click on â€Å"Posts" "Add New" will open up the editor window, which looks just like the typical word processor. As soon as you get some articles published on your website there can be an endless flow of audience to your website and this brings us to the one important thing to know. You need traffic and by this we mean people visiting your website. Of course, you now have a functioning website but what use will it be if no one visits it. With Face book, Twitter and other social platforms it’s quite easy to drive traffic to your website page.

Harley Davidson Cultural impact of media on women Research Paper

Harley Davidson Cultural impact of media on women - Research Paper Example People are easily updated with the happenings around them through those media as writers, bloggers, newscasters and columnists relay the information to the viewers. Sometimes those relayed information may not be the whole truth at all as sometimes works of fiction do affect the rituals and culture of people. Massive influence may be achieved through mass media and sometimes those become the avenue for negativities in the society to flourish. The widespread of the influence of the negative practices in the society may be attributed to the media that may be intentional or unintentional. It is considered as intentional when people truly want to influence others with their deeds and beliefs that may pose risks and hazards to the society and considered as crimes. Other activities that may be seen in media but are not considered crimes but may challenge the border that separates the morally acceptable beliefs and immoral ones. The cases that may arise from mass media that are in the bounda ry of right and wrong are the issues of gender and sexuality, abortion, euthanasia, divorce, no religious affiliation, and roles in the society. In particular, the paper will talk about the effects of media to the lives of women especially in the cultural aspect. Harley Davidson would be the subject for the media effects on women as that company endorses motorcycles and how it blends into the culture of women. Then several questions may have arisen from the motorcycle craze and its influence on the female gender. Does it make women more masculine? Does it encourage violence and other negativities in the society? What are its other impacts? Does motorcycle craze give any positive influence to the society as a whole? Will gender roles be greatly affected? The three previous studies about the effects on women would include â€Å"Girl Power† and Participation in Macho Recreation: The Case of Female Harley Riders by Catherine Roster, Subcultures of Consumption: An Ethnography of t he New Bikers by John Schouten and James McAlexander, and Examining Gender Images, Expectations, and Competence as Perceived Impediments to Personal, Academic and Career Development by Lorraine Wilgosh. The study of Roster talks about the women empowerment gained from the inclusion of some women in motorcycling sports which is played mainly by men. On the other hand, the study of Schouten and McAlexander goes into the culture of consumerism and an analysis was done on how it brings about the change in the society and behaviors of people especially for bikers. The last study was about the discrimination, stereotyping and societal imaging of what women should be and those effects upon the development of young girls. Other sources that will be used for the study are Older Women, Liberation and Lifestyles: Self-Care and Other Care, Depicting outlaw motorcycle club women using anchored and unanchored research methodologies, and Brand Morphing: Implications for Advertising Theory and Prac tice. Method The study was done by looking at the previous studies from background, methods to results, analysis and conclusion. It did not utilize primary sources and did not have any actual experimentation and first-hand data gathering as it relied purely on the theories and results laid down by the previous studies and reports. It made use of the six journal articles mentioned in the background section of the paper. Each source had its own contribution

Zappos Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Zappos - Case Study Example Customers are able to track the inventory of Zappos online. 2. Zappos creates superior customer experiences through do the unexpected. The company believes that customers who are shocked by the service that they receive will want to stay loyal to the brand for a long time. This also has a knock-on effect of picking up new customers who hear of the service quality offered by Zappos. Word-of-mouth marketing is an important tool that Zappos can use to attract new customers. 3. Quality management is an important part of the sales process for Zappos because the customer has a minimum demand for service. Zappos can only meet that demand by making sure that its customers are satisfied with the products they receive. Secondly, process design is also another important part of the service on offer because quality goods and services can only be offered to customers if the right inputs have been included in designing, procuring, and marketing the product or service effectively. Thirdly, service encounter design forms a crucial part of the Zappos experience because interactions between employees and customers can determine the success of the brand as a whole. Also, whenever a customer is not satisfied with the level of service shown by Zappos, the company needs to go beyond the normal level of service to regain the trust of the

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Proposal - Essay Example In these regards, a strong degree of passenger involvement is financial reason enough to motivate both the rail system and the makers of the advertisements to develop the necessary infrastructure to support the process. While digital advertisements may be firmly entrenched in new media technology they must be more situated towards subjective viewer experience if they are to gain maximum interactivity. The research seeks to accomplish these objectives through an approach that combines investigation into past statistical research, direct action research that investigates the extent that participants engage with the advertisements compared to advertisements in a control group, and finally post-experiment interviews with the participants. III. Specific Research Questions Do digital (rather than static) advertisements on the tube increase patron interactivity and engagement? Were the digital advertisements at all disruptive to the transportation service? How did the added sound affect the ir experience in the tube? How could these digital advertisements be better structured to encourage optimum interaction? How did the digital advertisements made the participants emotionally feel? Did they feel more or less connected to the other passengers when the digital advertisements were in the tube? IV. ... From a purely infrastructure standpoint one recognizes that modern railway system emerged from earlier trains and much of the qualitative approach to infrastructure, in this instance print advertising appears to have been carried over from an earlier era and not enough consideration given to the increasing technological mediation of the modern world. In this regards the study design is aimed not only at determining the general effectiveness and best possible course of action of digital advertising displays, but also that it would financially benefit the rail system to implement these digital displays. V. Research Concepts One of the predominant considerations of the methodological approach is the extent that it responds to the notion of a third paradigm of human computer interaction research. Harrison & Sengers (2007) argue that human computer interaction research has previously focused on two paradigmatic models. The first model considered the development of technological interactio n in terms of man-machine coupling. The second wave paradigm built on this coupling, further considering the way that technological interaction constitutes a form of information communication. The third paradigm, they contend, considers technological interaction as phenomenological experience. Considered within the context of the previously established research methodology it’s clear there are many areas where the research fails to address the third paradigm of human computer interaction research. In some areas the methodology considers the third wave paradigm experience of digital advertising in the tube. One recognizes that the phenomenological means of interaction the current research refers to places great emphasis on the experience the user has with the technology.

Role of Exercise in Reducing Insulin Resistance

Role of Exercise in Reducing Insulin Resistance By: Pranav Maddali Abstract The major pathway of glucose regulation in the body is via the Glucose Transport System (GTS) in which cells stimulated by insulin cause an upregulation in expression and translocation of a glucose transporter protein, GLUT4, to the cell plasma membrane, resulting in increased glucose transport into the cell. Thus, insulin is directly responsible for regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. However, increased dietary intake and the lack of physical exercise has been implicated in creating a condition known as insulin resistance, whereby the cells fail to uptake glucose in response to insulin stimulation, leading to hyperglycemia and significantly increasing the odds of acquiring insulin-dependent (Type-1) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type-2). However, recent studies have shown that skeletal muscles, the major consumer of glucose in the body, possess an alternative mechanism to elicit glucose uptake using GLUT4 instead of insulin stimulation, which is tr iggered by exercise. This review elucidates glucose transport mechanisms in both normal and insulin resistance states and the role of physical exercise in potentially reversing insulin resistance and helping regulate blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. INTRODUCTION Glucose, Insulin, and the Glucose Transport System Glucose is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with fructose and galactose, which is directly absorbed into the bloodstream during digestion. This simple monosaccharide serves as both, the main substrate for energy production as well the precursor to the synthesis of many other carbon containing molecules in the body [1]. In relatively healthy individuals, following a meal, glucose absorbed from the gut during digestion stimulates the release of insulin, a peptide hormone, from pancreatic ÃŽÂ ²-cells. This results in glucose uptake by skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, promptly returning plasma glucose levels to the normal range (approximately 4.4-6.1 mM) [1]. During resting conditions, the absorbed glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles, and as triglycerides in adipose tissue [1]. In times of fasting or increased energy demand, these stores are quickly re-converted back to glucose and released into the blood stream, helping maintain homeostatic blood glucose concentrations. By promoting postprandial glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissues via the Glucose Transport System (GTS) and suppressing hepatic glucose production, insulin is directly responsible for regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body [1-3]. Given that the cell membrane is impermeable to glucose, specific carrier proteins or transporters spanning the cell membrane allow the binding and uptake of glucose across the hydrophobic lipid bilayer. Mammalian cells possess two general classes of these carriers/transporters: 1) ATP-dependent Na+/glucose co-transporters that transport glucose against a concentration gradient and 2) facilitative glucose transporters which work in the direction of the glucose gradient [4, 5]. Following digestion, the Na+/glucose co-transporter transports glucose from the lumen of the intestine into polarized epithelial cells where subsequent facilitative transport of glucose moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelium and into the blood. Given that different tissues have different physiological energy needs, their uptake of circulating blood glucose is mediated by tissue-specific glucose transporter proteins called GLUTs [1, 4]. 14 different GLUTs have been identified in mammalian cells that are further divided into three subclasses on the basis of sequence similarities and biochemical properties, of which   the roles of GLUT1-GLUT4 in the GTS are the most well characterized [6, 7]. INSULIN-MEDIATED POSTPRANDIAL GLUCOSE TRANSPORT During resting conditions, GLUT1/3/5, constitutively localized to the cell plasma membrane, provide low-level of basal glucose uptake required to sustain respiration in all cells [1]. However, during postprandial conditions, high glucose in the blood stimulates the release of insulin from the ÃŽÂ ²-cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. This secreted insulin regulates the uptake of blood glucose in stimulated skeletal muscles and adipocytes by binding to the insulin receptor (IR) on the surface of the cell (Figure 1). Following insulin binding, the ÃŽÂ ²-subunit of IR undergoes autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues activating its tyrosine kinase activity. The activated IR then phosphorylates Insulin Receptor Substrates (IRS-1) which serves as a docking protein for Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), activating it. The serine phosphorylation cascade initiated by PI3K activates PI3K-dependent serine/threonine kinases (PDK), which activates downstream Akt k inase, resulting in the translocation and exocytosis of intracellular GLUT4 vesicles to the cell surface. This upregulation of GLUT4 localization on the plasma membrane results in an increased rate of glucose transport into the cell [1, 4, 5, 8, 9]. The necessity of each of these activation steps has been established by in vitro studies on muscle and adipose tissue that used specific kinase inhibitors or mutant proteins and observed the complete ablation of the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose uptake in insulin stimulated cells. Furthermore, the translocation of GLUT4 specifically in response to insulin approximately 1% pre- vs. almost 40% post-stimulation, suggests a mechanism of regulation to restrict glucose uptake during low-insulin states [1, 9]. Given that GLUT4 translocation is a critical regulatory site for glucose uptake, abnormal GLUT4 regulation in response to insulin stimulation can have a significant impact on glucose homeostasis in the body. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that mice fed with high caloric diets show significantly decreased glucose uptake in muscle and adipocytes despite stimulation with insulin [8, 10]. Further analysis revealed significant down regulation of PI3K and its downstream substrate PDK in addition to increased expression and activity of Protein Kinase C isoform theta (PKC-ÃŽÂ ¸) in these mice, suggesting impaired insulin mediated signaling and a direct co-relation with high caloric diets (red boxes/arrows in Figure 2) [8, 11-13]. This lack of response to insulin stimulation has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of Type-2 or Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) and is commonly referred to as insulin resistance. INSULIN RESISTANCE FINDING A SWEET SOLUTION The term insulin resistance is used to describe a combination of a lack of insulin-mediated glucose uptake in cells stimulated by insulin and a defect in the ability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production; the former commonly attributed to dysregulation of GLUT4 trafficking [14]. Over time, together with reduction in in insulin secretion by the pancreas, these aberrations have been directly linked to causing Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D). Diminished insulin function at sites of insulin action, such as skeletal muscles and adipocytes (insulin resistance) and a decrease in the ability of pancreatic ÃŽÂ ²-cells to secrete insulin in response to postprandial increase in blood glucose levels, are two hallmarks of   T2D [15]. In recent years, Type-2 Diabetes mellitus has emerged as one of the major non-communicable chronic diseases around the world [2]. According to the CDC, that number is currently estimated to be about 26 million in the US alone. Recent epidemiologic data point to excess caloric intake combined with increasingly sedentary lifestyles as factors significantly contributing to this trend [16]. Although both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in causing these malfunctions, researchers have increasingly suggested that obesity, caused by a chronic imbalance between energy expenditure and energy intake, as one of biggest risk factors for developing insulin resistance and T2D [16]. Given that skeletal muscles constitute approximately 40% of human body mass and have relatively high energy requirements, they account for almost 50-75% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the body [17]. Thus, skeletal muscle is considered the most important tissue with regards to insulin-stimulated blood glucose disposal, and correspondingly maintenance of glucose homeostasis, especially during postprandial periods. Interestingly, both in vitro and in vivo studies dating back to as early as 1987 have shown that in muscle cells, stimuli other than insulin can activate the glucose transport system, namely GLUT4 translocation, to a similar magnitude, albeit likely via a separate (insulin independent) signaling pathway [3, 9, 17]. Furthermore, while GLUT4 gene expression was reduced in adipose cells in insulin-resistant states such as obesity and NIDDM, skeletal muscle GLUT4 expression remained normal [9]. This finding prompted the thinking that insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is most likely due to alterations in the translocation, docking, or fusion of glucose transporters at the plasma membrane, and not defects at the transcription or translational levels. Additionally, researchers observed that in rodents, various modes of exercise and muscle contractile activity such as running exercises, swimming exercises, contraction of hind limb muscles via sciatic nerve stimulation, or contraction of isolated muscles, caused GLUT4 translocation in these skeletal muscles [18]. Additionally, similar studies published by the Goodyear, Holloszy, and Hargreaves groups over the past three years using human models have demonstrated that a single bout of exercise significantly increases glucose transport by upreguatling both GLUT4 expression and translocation in muscles, adding significant support to the hypothesis suggesting that exercise induced muscle contraction can improve glucose uptake by increasing both GLUT4 expression and translocation, potentially reversing the effects of insulin resistance and T2D [3, 5, 10].      Ã‚   WORKING THE GLUTs EXERCISE INCREASES GLUT4 TRANSLOCATION AND GLUCOSE TRANSOPORT Despite the fact that insulin stimulation and exercise-induced muscle contractile activity induce similar magnitudes of increases in muscle glucose transport via upregulation of GLUT4 vesicle translocation to the plasma membrane, the mechanisms of action of these two stimuli are very distinct [19, 20].Studies using cellular fractionation techniques have shown the presence of two distinct intracellular pools of sequestered GLUT4 vesicles, both containing the insulin-responsive amino peptidase (IRAP) and vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2) that assist in in regulating endocytosis/exocytosis [20, 21]. However, the contraction stimulated GLUT4-vesicle pool was not recruited during insulin stimulation and the important components of the insulin signaling cascade IR, IRS-1, PI3K, etc., were not phosphorylated or activated by exercise [22-24]. Additionally, Wortmanin, a potent PI3K inhibitor, did not inhibit glucose transport stimulated by muscle contraction as it does the insul in-stimulated pathway, clearly indicating the presence of a distinct pathway [24]. Intracellular calcium, 5AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nitric oxide (NO), and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38, have been implicated regulating GLUT4 translocation in the exercise-medicated effect, although the exact mechanism of how each of these exerts its influence is currently being explored (Figure 3) [9]. These acute effects of exercise, in conjecture with dietary restrictions and pharmaceutical interventions, can and are currently exploited by individuals and pharmaceutical companies in an attempt find a cure to insulin resistance and T2D. Although the mechanism of how chronic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity is unclear, muscle levels of GLUT4 as well as the activity of glycogen synthase have been shown to be elevated in athletes compared to sedentary controls with muscle GLUT4 expression increasing in individuals who exercise regularly[25]. This likely due to the fact that many genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (hexokinase, GLUT-4) appear to be jointly upregulated together with mitochondrial enzymes in response to increased muscle contractile activity [10, 18, 19, 22] . CONCLUSIONS The recent drastic increase in the prevalence of T2D has been attributed mainly to decreased levels of physical activity and increased caloric intake. Several studies discussed in this paper have shown that higher levels of habitual physical activity results in increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscles via an insulin-independent mechanism. Furthermore, regular exercise has also been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in subjects with insulin resistance and T2D. Thus, regular exercise together with diet and weight control, could be the answer to overcoming insulin resistance and significantly reducing the risk of acquiring Type-2 diabetes, and in turn decreasing the odds of developing dilapidating conditions such as atherosclerosis, glaucoma, and stoke.   References 1. Bogan, J.S. (2012). Regulation of glucose transporter translocation in health and diabetes. Annual review of biochemistry 81, 507-532. 2. Oliveira, C., Simoes, M., Carvalho, J., and Ribeiro, J. (2012). Combined exercise for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes research and clinical practice 98, 187-198. 3. Hansen, P.A., Nolte, L.A., Chen, M.M., and Holloszy, J.O. (1998). Increased GLUT-4 translocation mediates enhanced insulin sensitivity of muscle glucose transport after exercise. J Appl Physiol 85, 1218-1222. 4. Stephens, J.M., and Pilch, P.F. (1995). The metabolic regulation and vesicular transport of GLUT4, the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter. Endocrine reviews 16, 529-546. 5. Thorell, A., Hirshman, M.F., Nygren, J., Jorfeldt, L., Wojtaszewski, J.F., Dufresne, S.D., Horton, E.S., Ljungqvist, O., and Goodyear, L.J. (1999). Exercise and insulin cause GLUT-4 translocation in human skeletal muscle. The American journal of physiology 277, E733-741. 6. Joost, H.G., and Thorens, B. (2001). The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members (review). Molecular membrane biology 18, 247-256. 7. Thorens, B., and Mueckler, M. (2010). Glucose transporters in the 21st Century. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 298, E141-145. 8. Yu, C., Chen, Y., Cline, G.W., Zhang, D., Zong, H., Wang, Y., Bergeron, R., Kim, J.K., Cushman, S.W., Cooney, G.J., et al. (2002). Mechanism by which fatty acids inhibit insulin activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in muscle. The Journal of biological chemistry 277, 50230-50236. 9. Goodyear, L.J., and Kahn, B.B. (1998). Exercise, glucose transport, and insulin sensitivity. Annual review of medicine 49, 235-261. 10. Hussey, S.E., McGee, S.L., Garnham, A., McConell, G.K., and Hargreaves, M. (2012). Exercise increases skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, obesity metabolism 14, 768-771. 11. Samuel, V.T., Petersen, K.F., and Shulman, G.I. (2010). Lipid-induced insulin resistance: unravelling the mechanism. Lancet 375, 2267-2277. 12. Malhotra, V., and Campelo, F. (2011). PKD regulates membrane fission to generate TGN to cell surface transport carriers. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 3. 13. Summers, S.A., Garza, L.A., Zhou, H., and Birnbaum, M.J. (1998). Regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation and Akt kinase activity by ceramide. Molecular and cellular biology 18, 5457-5464. 14. Tanaka, S., Hayashi, T., Toyoda, T., Hamada, T., Shimizu, Y., Hirata, M., Ebihara, K., Masuzaki, H., Hosoda, K., Fushiki, T., et al. (2007). High-fat diet impairs the effects of a single bout of endurance exercise on glucose transport and insulin sensitivity in rat skeletal muscle. Metabolism: clinical and experimental 56, 1719-1728. 15. Kaufman, R.J. (2011). Beta-cell failure, stress, and type 2 diabetes. The New England journal of medicine 365, 1931-1933. 16. Shuldiner, A.R., Yang, R., and Gong, D.W. (2001). Resistin, obesity and insulin resistancethe emerging role of the adipocyte as an endocrine organ. The New England journal of medicine 345, 1345-1346. 17. Frosig, C., and Richter, E.A. (2009). Improved insulin sensitivity after exercise: focus on insulin signaling. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17 Suppl 3, S15-20. 18. Hayashi, T., Wojtaszewski, J.F., and Goodyear, L.J. (1997). Exercise regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle. The American journal of physiology 273, E1039-1051. 19. Douen, A.G., Ramlal, T., Rastogi, S., Bilan, P.J., Cartee, G.D., Vranic, M., Holloszy, J.O., and Klip, A. (1990). Exercise induces recruitment of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter. Evidence for distinct intracellular insulin- and exercise-recruitable transporter pools in skeletal muscle. The Journal of biological chemistry 265, 13427-13430. 20. Coderre, L., Kandror, K.V., Vallega, G., and Pilch, P.F. (1995). Identification and characterization of an exercise-sensitive pool of glucose transporters in skeletal muscle. The Journal of biological chemistry 270, 27584-27588. 21. Kristiansen, S., Hargreaves, M., and Richter, E.A. (1996). Exercise-induced increase in glucose transport, GLUT-4, and VAMP-2 in plasma membrane from human muscle. The American journal of physiology 270, E197-201. 22. Treadway, J.L., James, D.E., Burcel, E., and Ruderman, N.B. (1989). Effect of exercise on insulin receptor binding and kinase activity in skeletal muscle. The American journal of physiology 256, E138-144. 23. Goodyear, L.J., Giorgino, F., Balon, T.W., Condorelli, G., and Smith, R.J. (1995). Effects of contractile activity on tyrosine phosphoproteins and PI 3-kinase activity in rat skeletal muscle. The American journal of physiology 268, E987-995. 24. Yeh, J.I., Gulve, E.A., Rameh, L., and Birnbaum, M.J. (1995). The effects of wortmannin on rat skeletal muscle. Dissociation of signaling pathways for insulin- and contraction-activated hexose transport. The Journal of biological chemistry 270, 2107-2111. 25. Youngren, J.F., and Barnard, R.J. (1995). Effects of acute and chronic exercise on skeletal muscle glucose transport in aged rats. J Appl Physiol 78, 1750-1756.

Two Rivers :: essays research papers

Two Rivers, Wisconsin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If one were to travel 36 miles Southeast of Green Bay they would run into a small town known as Two Rivers. Two rivers is located on the coast of Lake Michigan. Two Rivers is surrounded on three sides by the majestic Lake Michigan. Not far from Two Rivers is its sister city Manitowoc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  French Canadians as well as the Chippewa Indians founded two Rivers. The Chippewa Indians called the area Neshotah that means â€Å"a junction of 2 rivers†, since the twin rivers join together before entering Lake Michigan. The Chippewa Indians also named the twin rivers. The West River is known as â€Å"Neshoto† meaning west, and the East river is â€Å"Mishicot† meaning east. Two Rivers is obviously named after these twin rivers. The rivers themselves are almost geographically the same. The rivers are split between the city capital that is located in the center of downtown, and then rejoin together right before they hit Lake Michigan. There is more than seven miles of clean and wide white sandy beaches along the city’s edges for the town’s people as well as the tourist to enjoy. Swimming, wind surfings, beach coming, or just even to take a brake and relax in the sun are just some of the things you can enjoy in Two Rivers. Not t o mention one of the biggest activities to enjoy is the fishing. Fishing charters is a major tourist attraction, the Kiwanis fishing derby brings anglers from throughout the Midwest. You can fish on or off shore in almost all of the four seasons. Not only are the Twin rivers a good resource for fishing they are a major and important resource for water. The rivers stream are usually calm and slow, which you could say it matches the way of life of Two Rivers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two Rivers is a town were the pace of life doesn’t get any slower. Its slow paced atmosphere and friendly townspeople make you feel like you are in the South. Trees line the quiet streets of the all American city. In the center of town are gracious old buildings that frame Central Park. Young and old gather here for festivals, or just to sit and talk. Band Concerts are also held in Central Park on a regular basis. Tourists shop at all the well-kept stores and are often greeted with a friendly smile. Two Rivers is a town were every body knows your name.

Macbeth †Character assessment Essay

The 3 witches have told Macbeth that he will become king. He tells this news to his wife, Lady Macbeth . She starts plotting the murder of Duncan, the king of Scotland. A messenger then arrives at Dunsinane telling her that Duncan will be visiting them that evening. In this scene Macbeth kills Duncan. Setting This play takes place on stage. The play is set in 1600’s in the Scottish Highlands. The stage is bare apart from a bench, a bucket and well, there is a backdrop of the castle at the rear of the stage. Character Profiles Macbeth Stunned at what he has just done Angry – with both himself and Lady Macbeth Becomes quite hysterical Pure shock Lady Macbeth Evil voice Devious Cunning Calm throughout 4th witch very clever & Very evil A soft blue light falls onto the stage with a white spot light on Lady Macbeth, the light including spot light turns green during Lady Macbeth’s speech. Lady Macbeth sits on bench at stage rear holding a pure black cat. (A black cat is connected with witches, Lady Macbeth is the 4th witch). Lady Macbeth starts to say her speech in an evil, cold, powerful, crackle of a voice. Here she will be talking to her cat rather than herself. Here she talks of the fatal bellman, this signifies death. An organ is playing in the background (organs are played at funerals, and signify death, a murder has just taken place). Macbeth backs onto the stage very slowly almost in a trance. He turns to face Lady Macbeth â€Å"I have done the deed.† – saying this like in complete shock but realisation as much to himself as to Lady Macbeth. Macbeth: â€Å"Did though not hear a noise?† Lady Macbeth: â€Å"The owl scream and the crickets cry† (Elizabethans would know These things represented Death) Lady Macbeth: Did thou not speak? Quick, Macbeth: When? Panicky, Lady Macbeth: Now. Shows Macbeth: As I descended? Nerves, Lady Macbeth: Ay. and. Macbeth: Hark! tension Who lies in the 2nd chamber? Lady Macbeth: Donalbain Macbeth: This is a sorry sight! (angry, shouting, he sees the blood). Lady Macbeth: A foolish thought to say (trying to calm him whilst putting her cat Down). Macbeth is now slumped on the floor with his head in his hands saying lines 21-25. Remaining slumped he says lines 26-30, but this time in a whisper. In these lines Macbeth talks about sleep. Only innocence is allowed to sleep, Macbeth cannot sleep anymore, for he is now evil. â€Å"Macbeth shall sleep no more!† Macbeth also talks about not being able to say amen, this is because he is no longer holy. Lady Macbeth stands to his right looking down on him, this shows her power over him. She says â€Å"Consider it not so deeply.† In an impatient, and almost dismissive voice. Macbeth: â€Å"Sleep no more Macbeth does murder sleep!† Lady Macbeth: â€Å"Why have you got these daggers? They must rest by Duncan.† Lady Macbeth grabs the daggers. Macbeth is afraid to go back to Duncan’s chamber, for he cannot bear to look at what he has done. â€Å"If Duncan do bleed then I shall place the daggers in the arms of the guards, for it will seem their guilt!† she says this in an evil yet excited whisper. Exits stage left, running. Her evil and cunning nature has now been fully exposed to the audience. (A loud knocking is heard, the knocking comes from speakers all around the theatre, so the audience is surrounded by the knocking). Macbeth: Is in complete hysteria cries line 59-60. The blood is represented by long red ribbons attached to his finger tips and his clothes. He walks over to the well and tries to wash the blood from his hands. â€Å"All Neptune’s great oceans could not wash these hands clean.† Neptune is God of water, so here Macbeth is saying all the water in the world could not wash the blood away. I think he was trying to wash away his crime and his guilt by getting rid of the blood, as this was just a visual reminder of the wrong he had done. He pretends to throw the blood stained water over the floor. A watery red light appears on the stage floor rippling with waves. Lady Macbeth appears back on stage with her hands out in front of her, her hands and clothing are soaked with blood (red ribbons). She holds her hands up to Macbeth’s face, he turns away from her. She starts to speak in an evil, cold, and angry voice â€Å"my hands are of your colour , but I shame to wear a heart so white.† The knocking starts again. Lady Mabeth spins around in a sudden panic, â€Å"I hear knocking!† Lady Macbeth says the rest of her speech in the same quick startled tone. This is the only time in the scene where LM shows her nerves. Macbeth in complete hysteria with tears running down his cheeks â€Å"Wake Duncan with your knocking, I would thou couldst!† At this point M’s weakness is most apparent, at this point I feel that he would be ready to confess all. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth exit stage right. Lady Macbeth now calm again, strides off confidently. Macbeth crawls off on his hands and knees. This shows the difference between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is remorseful, guilt ridden and hysterical with disbelief. Lady Macbeth on the other hand is confident, calm, excited, and seems completely unfazed by the fact that she has helped murder her king. Her power over him is enormous, and makes you wonder whether Macbeth was in a trance to even be able to comprehend killing his king let alone actually doing it. At the end of the scene the lights suddenly go out the theatre is pitch black.

1) What Legislation Is in Place to Help You Administer Medication Safely? Give an Account of How This Affects Your Work.

Unit 616 Medication Questions 1) What legislation is in place to help you administer medication safely? Give an account of how this affects your work. The Medicines Act 1968 Regulates the supply and manufacture of medicines and defines the three categories of medicine: Prescription only, pharmacy medicines and general sales list. This affects my work in that it tells me which types of medicine I can simply pick up over the counter (for example, if someone I supported had a minor problem such as a cold, by consulting this legislation I would know which drugs I would be able to pick up without a prescription).It also categorises the medication which I currently administer and gives me an idea of how different types of medications are classified. For example, many times in the setting I work in, medication orders will be repeat prescriptions. For this, correct information must be supplied: name of service user, name and strength of medication and amount ordered sufficient for the time p eriod. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 Categorises banned substances into bands A, B, and C. This tells me that administering certain drugs would result in me breaking the law. It outlines what is legal to administer and what isn’t.Also this act outlines the legal requirement to store controlled drugs in locked cabinets and keep a record (controlled drugs register) of stock numbers, expiry dates etc. At our workplace we administer several controlled drugs such as diazepam, so this legislation affects me in the way that is outlines my legal responsibilities for storing and safely administering these drugs. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 This act informs me of mine and my employer’s duties at work and tells me what is required of my employer to ensure the working environment is safe. Care Standards Act 2000Establishes national minimum standards in order to meet the needs of the people we support. For example, some of the people we support like to administer their own me dication and all information regarding their medication must be available for them to access at any time. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 This act outlines the requirements of employers to protect their employees from the hazards of substances used in the workplace. Medication comes under this act and it outlines principles for recording, safekeeping, handling and disposal of medicines, all things we deal with on a regular basis.