The Management Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3293 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? 1. 0Introduction Working presently as Senior Assistant Medical Officer at the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, I had been in this profession since 1982. Global warnings over diabetes increase. Research carried out by the International Diabetes Federation (2009) reveals that around 314 million people, equating to 8. 2% of the global adult population, may have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) which is a condition that often precedes the development of diabetes. The incidence of diabetes in Malaysia is similar to other countries in the world (Malaysian Diabetes Association, 2009). Diabetes Mellitus is one of the commonest chronic illnesses seen at primary care facilities. A past study by the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (1996) showed that the prevalence of Diabetes is increasing from 6. 3% to 8. 3% for adults aged above 30 in 1996. However, there are nearly 1. million people in Malaysia who currently have diabetes as studies showed that the prevalence of obesity among Malaysian adults increased by a staggering 250% over a 10 year period from 1996 till 2006 while the number of overweight cases has increased by 70% as 43% of Malaysians aged above 30 suffer from diabetes (Malaysian Diabetes Association, 2010). The National Health and Morbidity Survey (2006) in a later study showed that two out of every five Malaysian adults or 43%, were either overweight or obese and a distressing situation where the number of obese adults had more than tripled over a decade, from 4% in 1996 to 14% in 2006. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Management Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes" essay for you Create order In addition, about 38% of youngsters aged between 12 and 18 were classified as overweight. The major causes of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic patient are heart disease and stroke (Tzagournis Falko, 1982). 2. 0Definitions Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic and progressive disorder that can have an impact upon almost every aspect of life. It can affect children, young people and adults of all ages, and is becoming more common. Diabetes is a disease which causes the body to either not produce insulin or to not properly make use of the insulin that it does make (American Diabetes Association, 2002). When carbohydrates are consumed, the body must convert glucose into energy that can be used to do everyday tasks. Insulin is a hormone which facilitates this process and is therefore an important part of the bodys normal functioning that helps to maintain an appropriate level of glucose in the blood. In the case of diabetic patient who do not produce or properly use insulin, blood glucose levels must be manually regulated or the patient may sufferer undesired consequences (Stratton et al. , 2000) A high proportion of diabetes cases are not diagnosed or are diagnosed late, which contributes to a high prevalence of complications and thus to the high cost of their management (Eliasson et al. , 2005). Complications from diabetes can be reduced by better and more adapted follow-up such as blood glucose control, regular eye and kidney function examinations, lipid and blood pressure management. 2. 1Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Type-1 insulin dependence diabetes mellitus was formerly called juvenile-onset diabetes, because it mostly attacks young people. This type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells. The destruction of BETA cells will decreased insulin production and caused uncontrolled glucose production by the liver. It symptoms include increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, blurring of vision and extreme tiredness (Mayo Clinic, 2010). In type-2 diabetes, the body cells are resistant to the action of insulin and/or the pancreas produce decreasing amounts of insulin. As a result, the blood glucose level becomes progressively higher over time and the body cells receive an inadequate supply of glucose – the body’s primary energy source. The symptoms of type-2 diabetes develop gradually and are not as noticeable as for type-1 diabetes. The symptoms include feeling tired or ill, frequent urination at night, unusual thirst, weight loss, blurring of vision, frequent infections and slow healing of sores (Mayo Clinic, 2010). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem affecting approximately 4. percent of adults aged 20 years and over in the world in 1995 (Harris et al. , 1998) and this prevalence is projected to rise from 4. 0 to 5. 4 percent (King et al. , 1998). The proportional increase in type 2 diabetes prevalence rates is greater in developing countries, especially those of Asia (King et al. , 1998; Cockram, 2000). In both types of diabetes, the symptoms are quickly relieved once the diabetes is treated. Early treatment will also reduce the chances of developing serious health problems. A third type of the diabetes is called gestational diabetes. It develops or is discovered during pregnancy. It usually disappears when the pregnancy is over and women who have had gestational diabetes have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes later (Mayo Clinic, 2010). 2. 2Cause and Risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus. There are many risk factors that predispose an individual or population to developing glucose intolerance and finally to have diabetes (Ram, 2000). There is evidence that lifestyle related changes are the main factors influencing the explosion of diabetes in the modern times. Risk factors such as obesity, physical inactivity and high-fat diet are significant predictors of type 2 diabetes (Zimmet, 1992), which are the results of lifestyle choices determined by one’s culture. According to Mendosa (2001), the common risk factors are: i. Person who has a family history of diabetes is in risk of type-2 diabetes if a parent or siblings has type-2 diabetes. Being obese or overweight person may heighten the risk to have type-2 diabetes as excessive fatty tissue will make the cells to be insulin resistant. Past studies indicate that a person’s race or ethnicity such as blacks, Hispanics, American Indians and Asian-American are more likely to develop type-2 diabetes. ii. The risk of type-2 diabetes increases as a person gets older, especially after age 45 as people tend to exercise less, lose muscle mass and gain weight as they age. However, current studies indicate that type-2 diabetes is also increasing dramatically among children, adolescents and younger adults. iii. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, has many serious consequences, especially for people with diabetes. Hypertension is twice as common in people with diabetes. Older persons with diabetes have higher rates of death at a younger age, disability, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. iv. Hyperlipidemia can be defined as a condition where there are too many fats, or lipids, in the circulating blood. Untreated or poorly treated diabetics do not metabolize fats properly, due to lack of enough insulin to do so. The increased risk of coronary artery disease in subjects with diabetes mellitus can be partially explained by the lipoprotein abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus. Hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein are the most common lipid abnormalities. In type-1 diabetes mellitus, these abnormalities can usually be reversed with glycemic control. In contrast, in type-2 diabetes mellitus, although lipid values improve, abnormalities commonly persist even after optimal glycemic control has been achieved. v. If a woman developed gestational diabetes when they were pregnant, she has a higher risk of developing type-2 diabetes later. If a woman gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4. 1 kilograms), she also has a higher risk of having type-2 diabetes. 2. 3Managing Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a chronic disease with no cure. As such, the main task of managing diabetes is to keep the blood glucose level within a specified range to avoid short-term emergency problems stemming from hypoglycemia (blood sugar too low) and possible long-term complications of hyperglycemia (blood sugar too high) (Plocher,1996). The American Diabetes Association (2002) recommends guideline levels of blood glucose during certain times of the day. The ADA recommends a blood glucose level of 90 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) during fasting, 105mg/dl prior to meals, 130mg/dl one hour after meals, and 120mg/dl two hours after meals (American Diabetes Association 2002). It is associated with an impaired glucose cycle, altering metabolism. Management of this disease may include lifestyle modifications such as achieving and maintaining proper weight, diet, exercise and foot care. The attitude toward the management of Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes has been greatly changed by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), which has shown conclusively that we need to obtain and maintain a high degree of control in order to prevent complications of diabetes (Diana Richard, 2003). 2. 4Treating Diabetes Mellitus Although diabetes cannot be cured, it can be treated very successfully. Type 1 diabetes is treated by insulin injections and a healthy  diet, and regular exercise is recommended. Insulin cannot be taken by mouth because it is destroyed by the digestive juices in the stomach. People with this type of diabetes commonly take either two or four injections of insulin each day. Type-1 diabetes, insulin injections are vital to keep patient alive and must have them every day (Diana Richard, 2003). Type-2 diabetes is treated with lifestyle changes such as a healthier diet, weight loss and increased physical activity. Tablets and/or insulin may also be required to achieve normal blood glucose levels. There are several kinds of tablets for people with Type 2 diabetes. Some kinds help the pancreas to produce more insulin. Other kinds help the body to make better use of the insulin that the pancreas does produce. Another type of tablet slows down the speed at which the body absorbs glucose from the intestine. The doctor will decide which kinds of tablet are going to work best for the patient and may prescribe more than one kind. Type 2 diabetes is progressive. If the diabetes cannot be controlled through lifestyle changes and tablets the doctor may recommend that the patient take insulin injections (Diana Richard, 2003). The main aim of treatment of both types of diabetes is to achieve blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol levels as near to normal as possible. This, together with a healthy lifestyle, will help to improve wellbeing and protect against long-term damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and major arteries (Diana Richard, 2003) 2. 5Complication of Diabetes Mellitus Complications of diabetes include both short-term, acute problems, as well as long-term, chronic problems. Among the former group are problems such as diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemia, and diabetic coma. Among the latter group, usually associated with chronically high glucose levels, are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic myonecrosis, and carotid arterystenosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by the accumulation of ketones, the by-product of the breakdown of fat cells. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma occurs during extreme hyperglycemia when water is scarce in the body. Whereas the excess glucose would normally leave the body via urination, the kidneys try to conserve water causing the glucose to remain in the body. This leads to a cycle of dehydration leading to increased blood glucose levels which leads back to dehydration and so on. This condition may lead to shock, cerebral edema, blood clots, lactic acidosis and coma (Stratton et al. , 2000) Diabetic nephropathy is a condition in which the kidneys cease to function properly, resulting in increased protein levels in the urine. This condition may lead to high blood pressure, chronic kidney failure and end-stage kidney disease. Diabetic neuropathy is a diabetes complication in which nerve damage results from decreased blood flow and chronic hyperglycemia. This condition affects approximately 50% of diabetic patients. Diabetic neuropathy may lead to constant, intense pain or total loss of sensation in the affected area. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the eyes retina. Nearly everyone who has diabetes for more than 30 years will exhibit symptoms of diabetic retinopathy. Most of the complications of diabetes mellitus may be avoided by maintaining normal blood glucose levels (Stratton et al. , 2000; The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, 1993). 2. 6The Primary Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus in Malaysia This population based approach is being set up by the Ministry of Health. In the Government Clinic, any individual who has symptoms of Diabetes (tiredness, lethargy, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, pruritis vulvae, balanitis) and any adult who are overweight (BMI) 23kg/m2 or waist circumference ? 80cm for women and ? 90cm for men and having family members having diabetes must be screened. Pregnant women who is overweight (BMI) 27kg/m2 and has previous gestational diabetes will be screened annually. The onset of Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delay through  a healthy lifestyle. Change your diet, increase your level of physical activity,  maintain a healthy weight with these positive steps, you can stay healthier longer and reduce your risk of diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2009). 3. 0Critical Evaluation Diabetes Mellitus education is not sufficient in Malaysia. There is no school-based obesity prevention and treatment program for overweight and obese adolescents. Healthy lifestyle must be taught at school level. The best and most effective ways to prevent Diabetes Mellitus is to educate the population to take care of their own health both in the urban and rural areas. 4. 0Clinical Case Scenario . 1Patient background Mr. S is a 52 years old Malay man and works as a male nurse. He is married and has three teenage children. He has a happy family life and other than his hypertension he has no medical history of note. He feels fit and well (with no symptoms of diabetes such as thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, frequency of micturition). He was somewha t alarmed when he was called back for a glucose tolerance test, as his FBS reading was 16. 1mmol/L during health awareness campaign week at age 49 years old. He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes on blood test. On examination he was obese and has hypertension. He had been on anti-hypertensive a low-dose of Atenolol for the past ten years. At that time his weight was 120 kg at 5 feet 6 inches height. He stopped smoking and consumes alcohol at age of 40 years old. His blood glucose when he was first diagnosed with type 2 diabetes was 10. 2 mmol/L, His oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was 16. 1 mmol/L Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) is the most sensitive test for diagnosing diabetes and pre-diabetes. He was referred to Diabetic Clinic for diabetic management and assessment such as lifestyle modification, healthy diet and medication. The baseline examination done for Mr. S was to assess the risk factors and complications of diabetes. His hemoglobin HbA1C test was 7. 5 %. The HbA1C blood test measured the average blood glucose level during the past two or three months. His fasting lipid profile, Cholestrol 7. 1 mmol/L,Triglycerides 2. 5 mmol/L,HDL 1. 0 mmol/L,LDL 4. 9 mmol/L,Serum Creatinine 96 mmol/L , Liver Function Test , Bilirubin. Total 15umol/L,Transaminase. G-O 5-23 u/L,Transaminase G-P 31 u/L,Proteins. Total 89 umol/L,Albumin 54g/L,Globulin 35g/L, Bilirubin, Conjugated 5umol/L and Phosphatase alkaline 77 u/L, Blood Urea Serum Electrolyte, Sodium 145mmol/L, Potassium 4. mmol/L, Blood Urea 5. 4 mmol/L, foot examination : No abnormality detected, eye examination: no abnormality detected. Electrocardiogram ( ECG ) : nor abnormality detected. His current medication is tablet metformin 1000mg twice a day and tablet aspirin 62. 5mg once a day, tablet Simvastatin 20mg on night and tablet Irbesartan 150mg daily. 3. 2Clinical monitoring protocol for Mr. S in the management of his diabetes. Blood pressure, body weight and blood glucose should be monitored at each visit. Feet for pulses to check for neuropathy, body weight, blood pressure, blood glucose and HbA1c to be monitored quarterly. Cholesterol, triglycerides, albiminuria and creatinine to be monitored if found abnormal at first visit. As for annually the whole investigation has to be monitored plus fundoscopy for visual acuity, body mass index, electrocardiogram and urine for microscopy. If cardiovascular or renal complications are present or patients are on lipid-lowering and or on anti-hypertensive therapy, lipids and renal function may need to be checked more often. This, together with a healthy lifestyle, will help to improve wellbeing and protect against long-term damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and major arteries. 3. Nursing management Mr. S was advised to have a balanced diet, managing his weight and following a healthy lifestyle, together with taking any prescribed medication and monitoring where appropriate will benefit his health and losing his weight will help him to control his diabetes and will also reduce him risk of heart disease, and stroke. Being active is good for all of us but is e specially important for people with diabetes. Physical activity, combined with healthy eating and any diabetes medication that Mr. S might be taking, will help him to manage his diabetes and prevent long-term diabetes complications. Mr. S was also advised not to smoke again because giving up smoking is one of the most positive things him has done to both  improve his health and reduce his risks of the long-term complications associated with the condition. Everyone risks of damaging their health through smoking a cigarette but for people with diabetes the risk may be even greater. Patient who has diabetes already have an increased chance of developing cardiovascular disease, such as a heart attack, stroke or circulatory problems in the legs. When combined with smoking this can also double his risk of complications and make the chances of developing these diseases even higher. . 0Conclusion There is no cure for Diabetes Mellitus but with close monitoring of blood glucose level and blood pressure it can be managed and this can avoid or minimized complications. Diabetes mellitus is a condition, which requires careful management in which the patient has to be the one who takes control. Although professionals in health and nutrition participate in the treatment, it is patient who is mostly responsible for the outcome. The diabetic person can learn how to manage his conditions in the best possible way. If anyone in the family like parent, brother, or sister with diabetes, he or she is at risk of developing diabetes. She or he must get screened for it annually from the age of 30 years old onwards even though if they have no symptoms of diabetes, they must learn how to prevent it. References: American Diabetes Association, editor (2002) American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. 3rd edn. New York : Bantam Books. Cockram, C. S. (2000) The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region, HongKong Medical Journal, Vol. 6, pp. 43-52. Diabetes Daily (2010) Available at https://www. diabetesdaily. com. (Accessed: 12 April 2010). Diana, W. G. Richard, A. G. (2003) The Diabetes Sourcebook. th edn, New York: McGraw Hill. Eliasson, B. , Cederholm, J. , Nilsson, P. and Gudbjo? rnsdottir, S. (2005), â€Å"The gap between guidelines and reality: Type 2 diabetes in a national diabetes register 1996-2003†, Diabetic Medicine, Vol. 22 No. 10, pp. 1420-1426. Harris, M. I. , Flegal, K. M. , Cowie, C. C. , Eberhardt, M. S. , Goldstein, D. E. , Little, R. R. , Wiedmyer, H. M. and By rd-Holt, D. D. (1998) â€Å"Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in US adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( 1988-1994 ) Diabetes Care, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 518-524. Health CareHandbook, Aspen Publishers, Inc. , Gaithersburg,MD, pp. 318-329. Health in Aging (2010) Available at https://www. healthinaging. org (Accessed: 25 April 2010). International Diabetes Federation (2009) Available at https://www. idf. org (Accessed: 22 May 2010). King, H. , Aubert, R. E. and Herman, W. H. (1998) â€Å"Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025. Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections†, Diabetes Care, Vol. 21 No. 9, pp. 1414-1431. Florence, T. et. al. (2009) Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 4th edn. Malaysia : CPG Ministry Of Health. Malaysian Diabetes Association (2009) Available at https://www. diabetes. org. my (Acessed: 22 May 2010). Mayo Clinic (2010) Available at https://www. mayoclinic. com (Accessed: 18 April 2010). Mendosa, D. (2001) What is Diabetes. Available at: https://www. mendosa. com/what. htm (Acessed: 29 May 2010). Plocher, D. W. (1996) Disease management, in Kongstvedt, P. R. (Ed. ), The Managed Health CareHandbook, Aspen Publishers, Inc. , Gaithersburg,MD, pp. 318-329. Ram, C. S. (2000) â€Å"The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region†, Hong Kong Medical Journal, Vol. , pp. 43-52. Stratton, I. M. , Adler, A. I. , Neil, A. W. , Matthews, D. R. , Manley, S. E. , Cull, C. A. , Hadden, D. , Turner, R. C. , and Holman, R. R. (2000). Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS35): prospective observational study. Brittish Medical Journal, 321:405 p. 412. The Star (2010) Available at https:// www. thestar. com. my. (Accessed: 11 April 2010). Zimmet, P. Z. (1992) â€Å"Challenges in diabetes epidemiology – from West to the rest† Diabetes Care, Vol. 15, pp. 232-252.

3 Elements Of Smallholder Agriculture - 770 Words

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Poverty In Canada Free Essays

Introduction Although Canada is considered as a materially affluent country with impressive performance in industrial and economic growth since past 50 years, it has been unable to forsake poverty as a social problem. In fact as the Canada’s social security net has weakened and income inequalities widened, the issue of poverty has worsened in the Canadian society (Shewell, 1998, 45;). Presently 14 % population of Canada is living under conditions of poverty (Reutter et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty In Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2006, 1). Various researches and studies in issues of poverty in Canada have shown that poverty is the result of social exclusion and marginalization factors that deprive certain individuals from benefits of mainstreams institutions and mechanism thereby increasing inequality in the society whereby these individuals are no longer able to participate meaningfully in the social process (Williamson and Reutter, 1999, 1). Canada’s economic reconstruction due to globalization and free trade affected its industrial structure and resulted in hundred of thousands of jobs loss that adversely affected the social composition in Canada. The new postindustrial economy that replaced the earlier system failed to create adequate number of opportunities. The jobs in the new system are either highly specialized or low paid that does not compensate the losses of the previous system. With the simultaneous decline the social welfare system in Canada, lack of government support to family allowance programs and doubtful ability of pension plan to support ageing population, the issue of disproportionate income distribution and poverty has emerged as serious matter of concern both from individual and social point of view (Barlow and Campbell, 1995). This paper discusses the impact of poverty on individual and society. This paper evaluates effect of poverty on youths, single parents, aboriginals and immigrants in Canada.   It will also examine the role played by poverty in creating a system of alienation and denial where people are forced to live a life of deprivation. Scope and effect of poverty Effect of poverty on individuals The traditional attitude in Canada towards poverty has been dismissive. People often associated poverty with laziness and more corruption and accepted its deservingness for those affected by it (Shewell, 1998, 51, Reutter et al., 2006, 1). However, the facts show that poverty cannot be generalized or dismissed as a wayward incident in the Canadian society. Rather, it is a disturbing phenomenon that adversely affects many vulnerable sections of the society.   According to Shewell (1998,58), children under age group of 18, single parent mothers, socially excluded persons, and immigrants faces highest rates of poverty in Canada with the rates of poverty being especially high in urban centers. Poverty profoundly affects the capacity of individuals to survive and negotiate with general conditions of life in a positive and constructive way thus rendering them highly vulnerable from the social perspective. From the broader point of view poverty is the cause of falling health standards, increased rates of illness, heightened percentage of crimes and drug abuse among youths, rising homelessness and loss of ability to participate in the social process. The individual and group effects of poverty are mentioned in the following sections Youths: Poverty has long term and damaging effect on youths rendering them homeless and pushing them in vicious cycle of bad health, crime, drug abuse and sex crimes, destitution, mental illness and higher suicide rates (Kidd and Davidson, 2006, 44). Youths, especially in urban areas, in the age group from 12-24, are most vulnerable, mostly living in temporary shelters, without any fixed source of income thereby being forced to settle for irregular ways of earning and living. The uncertainty and unhealthy life conditions results in extremely high mortality rate among urban poor youths (Kidd and Davidson, 2006, 45). One of the most dangerous fallout of poverty and lack of government support structure for youths is increasing youth crime. Increasing income inequality and social divide force poverty stricken youths to submit to illegal activities, mugging, and narcotics trade. Poverty thus creates most compelling conditions that lead youths in crime and corruption. Poverty also create conditions where youths are unable to utilize their capabilities, lack access to education, health facilities and social support structure due to the stigma that is associated with poverty (ibid). Single parent: Single parent face greatest risk of poverty and the consequent effects are often disastrous for their life (Shewell. 1998, 58). The rate of poverty for single non working parent was 73 % in Canada in mid nineties, much higher than other developed countries like UK, US and Australia (Curtis and Pennock, 7). Poverty poses enormous health risk for health of both mother and child, where inadequate income forces them to abandon health services and insurance plans while creating conditions of perpetual stress and deprivation. Aboriginals: The aboriginal and native population of Canada lacks the same social benefits and economic advantages that other sections of country enjoy. Rates of unemployment and poverty are generally very high in the native population that result from absence of government supportive policy, cultural disparity, absence of social development conditions such as education, health facilities, equal employment opportunities all of them causing lack of self determination and independence among them, creating the conditions of poverty and resource denial (Kendall, 2001, 43). Immigrants: Immigrants in Canada have traditionally shown high rate of poverty, the exact indices of which varies from region to region. As the most of immigrant in Canada are from third world country, they face cultural and social problems in assimilating with the Canadian system. Further, as pointed by Halli and Kazemipur (1997, 12 ), most of the immigrants arrived in Canada in 1970s when government’s social support structure was breaking down, and economic opportunities had started to shrink. Due to lack of any outside support and additional sources of income, immigrants became especially vulnerable to hardship and poverty. The adverse circumstances forced these individuals in ghettos where a culture of poverty was born, alienating these individuals from conditions of healthy and sensitized conditions of living (ibid).  In general poverty reduces the ability of individuals to implement themselves constructively in their personal as well as social life. It leads to breakup of family system, causes relational disintegration, and absence of consonance between individuals conditions and society’s economic progress. Social Effect of Poverty Poverty has far reaching effects that influence not only individuals but also the whole society and economy in the longer analysis. On the one hand the society looses its significant number of population who could have been otherwise included in the mainstream economic, educational and health institutions but who are left on periphery in damaging clutches of poverty that reduces their functional capacity to participate in society. On the other side, poverty puts enormous strain on resources where the government is required to support poor with various welfare programs and financial concessions (Shewell, 61 ). along with instituting rehabilitation measures for socially excluded people, drug addicts and homeless people. Poverty weakens the family structure, which is the basis of social stability (Cheal, 1996, 55). Consequently it creates a culture of economic hardship, deprivation and emotional stress that enervate society to function as a integrated whole. Dissatisfaction, inequality, isolation, conflict, discrimination, marginalization, exclusion and rejection are some of vices of poverty that threatens Canadian society. The greatest danger associated with poverty is that it has the tendency to self perpetuate and expand its domination and its feared that if left unchecked it can cause significant socio-economic damage to Canada by creating rift within social order. Conclusion Poverty is a stigma and a bane that needs conscious effort by government, civil society and individuals to combat and obliterate. As stated by Tanner (2003, 125), education, employment and avoidance of untimely pregnancy are three of the surest measures to break the cycle of poverty and create conditions of equitable living condition. As unemployment is one of the chief factors causing poverty, it’s the responsibility of government to introduce policies that increase employment opportunities.   However, it’s also the responsibility of civil society and individuals to take conscious effort in defeating poverty by understanding that poor are more in need of psychological support and acceptance than financial grant. This can be achieved by encouraging them to participate, creating conditions for their collaboration in social building process. It should also be ensured that political, economical and social institutions are oriented in specific ways to provide poor with opportunities to return back to mainstream society, integrate with it and cooperate with others to create a system free of poverty. Reference Barlow, M. and Campbell, B. (1995) Straight Through the Heart: How theLiberals Abandoned the Just Society, Toronto: Harper Collins Curtis, L.J and Pennock. 2006. M. Social Assistance, Lone Parents and Health: What Do We Know, Where Do We go. Canadian Journal of Public Health, Ottawa. Vol. 97. Cheal, D.1996. New Poverty: Families in Postmodern Society: Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT. Halli, S.S, and Kazemipur, A. 1997.   Plight of Immigrants: The Spatial Concentration of Poverty in Canada Canadian Journal of Regional Science. Volume: 20. Issue: 1-2. Page Number: 11-28 Kendall, J. 2001. Circles of Disadvantage: Aboriginal Poverty and Underdevelopment in Canada. American Review of Canadian Studies. Kidd, S.A, 2006. Davidson, L. 2006. Youth Homelessness: A Call for Partnerships between Research and Policy. Canadian Journal of Public Health.   Ottawa: Vol. 97,   Iss. 6,   p.  445-447  (3  pp.) Love R. Makwarimba E. Mcmurray S. Raphael D. Reutter L.I. Stewart M.J, Veenstra G. 2006. ‘Public Attributions for Poverty in Canada’. The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology. Volume: 43. Issue:1 Mitchell, A. and R. Shillington. 2002. Poverty, Inequality, and Social Inclusion. Working Paper Series: Perspectives on Social Inclusion. Toronto: The Laidlaw Foundation Shewell, H. 1988. Poverty: A Persistent Global Reality. (edit) John Dixon,   David Macarov. Routledge. London. Tanner, M.D. 2003. The Poverty of Welfare: Helping Others in Civil Society. Washington, DC. Williamson, D. and L. Reutter. 1999. â€Å"Defining and measuring poverty: Implications for the health of Canadians.† Health Promotion International, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 355-64. How to cite Poverty In Canada, Essay examples

Galileo And Newton Essay Research Paper Galileo free essay sample

Galileo And Newton Essay, Research Paper Galileo and Newton 2/4/97 Galileo believed the physical universe to be bounded. He says that all material things have # 8220 ; this or that form # 8221 ; and are little or big in relation to other things. He besides says that stuff objects are either in gesture or at remainder, touching or non touching some other organic structure, and are either one in figure, or many. The cardinal belongingss of the material universe are mathematical and strengthened through experimentation. Galileo excludes the belongingss of gustatory sensations, olfactory properties, colourss, and so on when depicting the material universe. He states that these belongingss # 8220 ; shack merely in the consciousness. # 8221 ; These latter belongingss would discontinue to be without the life animal so the mathematically defined belongingss are the most accurate in depicting the material universe. Galileo seems to prove his beliefs through experimentation and mathematical logical thinking. He sites illustrations in life that support his hypothesis. His statement is of a scientific nature because he is doing a hypothesis on a typical type of construct. The decisions that Galileo made relate straight to the work in natural philosophies for which he is so good known. His decisions put accent on forms, Numberss, and gesture which are all belongingss that lend themselves to back up through # 8220 ; concluding back and Forth between theory and experiment. # 8221 ; I feel that Galileo # 8217 ; s statement is a valid one because it explains dealingss in nature and the physical universe through mathematical analysis. This allows him to specify a universe outside of human being that can be logically calculated and explained. His position describes the universe in which life animals live and non contrasts it to the universe within life animals. The job with Galileo # 8217 ; s position is that it pioneers a scientific mentality but neer really fulfills it. Newton believes the universe is finally made up of difficult atoms that can retain different belongingss. The cardinal belongingss are solid, massy, impenetrable, and movable atoms. He believes God created affair in the get downing in such a manner to let the atoms to take on mathematical signifiers. His attack is a scientific 1 because he patterns the continual interaction of experiment and theory. It is the difficult atoms that move in such a manner that can be assigned certain mathematical rules that clearly explain the interaction of organic structures. Newton # 8217 ; s decision seems to be a strong one because it trades with the universe being made up of atoms and shows how these atoms act with each other in a manner that can be explained scientifically. I like the thought of organized flow in the universe and God being the Godhead of it all. The mathematical/scientific attack offers account to how the atoms are traveling. Galileo and Newton differ in certain facets of their apprehension of the physical universe. Galileo doesn # 8217 ; t set much accent on the function of creativeness in scientific discipline. Newton believes in the mathematical and experimentation mentality of scientific discipline pioneered by Galileo but he believed that new constructs are the merchandise of originative imaginativeness. He felt that math should explicate the constructs imagined. Newton extended thoughts pioneered by Galileo on issues of forces, multitudes, forms, and signifiers. Newton didn # 8217 ; t experience that the scientific theory needed to reply every inquiry asked about a phenomenon in order to be utile. Galileo and Newton make a strong statement for the deficiency of intents or values in nature. Their scientific heads sought replies on a logical graduated table. They could analyse the stuff universe through computations and in this math was suited account. In the survey of natural philosophies, intents are irrelevant. Physicss looks for the mathematical account of constructs and doesn # 8217 ; t need to analyze the intent behind such. It is concerned merely with what happens and how it is go oning. The doctrine of natural philosophies could widen the constructs to incorporate intent. The universe is the merchandise of the opportunity multitude of atoms. Everything is comprised of atoms and it makes up the known universe to which mathematical rules analyze. If there are no intents in the existence and this fact is supported through scientific survey, so there is purpose in that scientific discipline works to interrupt down the material universe to series of facts that are invariably accommodating to one another. The universe position introduced by 17th century mechanists is scientific discipline. Science became the reply or manner to the reply. Aristotelean position is concerned with the concluding province whereas as the scientists thought the of import information was the full procedure, or efficient causes. It is besides concerned with the intents and values that are at work in nature while mechanists see nature as a mechanism that operates blindly, and the forces of nature are in themselves wholly apathetic to intents or values. Newton, in resistance to Aristotle, didn # 8217 ; t believe in unknown causes. He wanted replies that were or could be proven. I feel that Newton has the stronger position because his trades with discernible facts and non merely constructs. Newton # 8217 ; s thoughts about the universe extend the constructs of Democritus. Newton strengthens the mechanistic position by supplying it with mathematical logical thinking. Aristotle # 8217 ; s statement of Democritus weakens when covering with Newton. He had scientific grounds that backed up his claims. However, Newton still doesn # 8217 ; t concern mechanism with the reply of # 8220 ; why # 8221 ; but instead looked to understand the immediate # 8220 ; how. # 8221 ; Newton would hold that Democritus didn # 8217 ; t back up his statements with fact and that they are largely conceptual positions. Newton would hold to back up Democritus for originating the atomic theory and would likely state that his thoughts are relevant and non over simplified. Form in the universe is the consequence of other causes in a long, scientific concatenation of efficient causes by the interactions of atoms. In a manner Newton # 8217 ; s cosmogonic thoughts are better because he was able to support interactions within the existence with mathematical logical thinking. He finally came to the belief that # 8220 ; there is no scientific account for the form of the planets, # 8221 ; keeping that coplanar orbits with speeds in the same way can non be accounted for by natural causes. This lead him to the reply that God prevents the existence from fall ining. I feel this is better than Timaeus # 8217 ; s position of forms in the universe because he has to fling certain information because he himself can # 8217 ; t happen mathematical cogent evidence for these theories. Subsequently, Laplace will be able to account for the coplanar character of the solar system by demoing insufficiencies in Newton # 8217 ; s scientific discipline. This is a recognition to Newton in that if he couldn # 8217 ; t back a theory with mathematical ground and experiment, he wasn # 8217 ; t merely traveling to presume it to be true. Galileo and Newton along with Plato believed in atoms or atoms as the stuff of which all things are made of. I besides infer that they would slightly hold on how truth can be perceived otherwise in the same mode that sentiment is different from cognition ( this thought was illustrated by Plato in his divided line analogy ) . For the mechanists, sentiment is a perceptual experience of truth but an wrong one because it is non supported with mathematical logical thinking and experimentation, which would so do it cognition.